αἷμα

See also: αίμα

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Uncertain and contested, as many competing theories exist. One possibility is from Proto-Indo-European *sai- (“thick or viscous liquid”), related to Proto-West Germanic *saim (whence German Seim (“viscous fluid”)),[1][2][3][4] although some sources reject this as phonologically improbable.[1][2] A different theory relates it to Proto-Indo-European *s(w)okʷós (“plant juice, resin”), which would make it a doublet of ὀπός (opós, “plant juice”).[5] Other suggestions include a relation to Ancient Greek αἰονάω (aionáō, “to moisten”)[2] or to Ancient Greek ἵημι (híēmi, “to throw, to flow”), thereby making it a doublet of ἧμα (hêma, “projectile”).[6] Finally, a Northwest Semitic borrowing has been posited, related to Aramaic חַיִּים (ḥayyim, “life”), Hebrew חַיִּים (ḥayím, “life”), Phoenician ‎𐤇𐤉𐤌 (‎ḥym, “long life”).[7]

Pronunciation
 

Noun

αἷμᾰ • (haîma) n (genitive αἵμᾰτος); third declension

  1. blood
  2. bloodshed; murder
  3. race; stock; kin, relationship by blood

Inflection
Third declension of τὸ αἷμᾰ; τοῦ αἵμᾰτος (Attic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative τὸ αἷμᾰ
tò haîma		 τὼ αἵμᾰτε
tṑ haímate		 τᾰ̀ αἵμᾰτᾰ
tà haímata
Genitive τοῦ αἵμᾰτος
toû haímatos		 τοῖν αἱμᾰ́τοιν
toîn haimátoin		 τῶν αἱμᾰ́των
tôn haimátōn
Dative τῷ αἵμᾰτῐ
tôi haímati		 τοῖν αἱμᾰ́τοιν
toîn haimátoin		 τοῖς αἵμᾰσῐ / αἵμᾰσῐν
toîs haímasi(n)
Accusative τὸ αἷμᾰ
tò haîma		 τὼ αἵμᾰτε
tṑ haímate		 τᾰ̀ αἵμᾰτᾰ
tà haímata
Vocative αἷμᾰ
haîma		 αἵμᾰτε
haímate		 αἵμᾰτᾰ
haímata
Notes:
  • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.
Third declension of αἷμᾰ; αἵμᾰτος (Epic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative αἷμᾰ
haîma		 αἵμᾰτε
haímate		 αἵμᾰτᾰ
haímata
Genitive αἵμᾰτος
haímatos		 αἱμᾰ́τοιῐν
haimátoiin		 αἱμᾰ́των
haimátōn
Dative αἵμᾰτῐ
haímati		 αἱμᾰ́τοιῐν
haimátoiin		 αἵμᾰσῐ / αἵμᾰσῐν / αἱμᾰ́τεσσῐ / αἱμᾰ́τεσσῐν / αἱμᾰ́τεσῐ / αἱμᾰ́τεσῐν
haímasi(n) / haimátessi(n) / haimátesi(n)
Accusative αἷμᾰ
haîma		 αἵμᾰτε
haímate		 αἵμᾰτᾰ
haímata
Vocative αἷμᾰ
haîma		 αἵμᾰτε
haímate		 αἵμᾰτᾰ
haímata
Notes:
  • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Byzantine Greek: αἷμα (haîma), αἷμαν (haîman), αἷμας (haîmas), γαῖμα (gaîma)
  • Pontic Greek: γαίμα (gaíma)
  • → Bulgarian: -емия (-emija)
  • → Catalan: -èmia
  • → Danish: -æmi
  • → German: hämato-, hämat-, -hämie, -ämie
  • → English: haemato-, haema-, -aemia, haemal
  • → Spanish: -emia
  • → French: -émie
  • → Irish: -éime
  • → Italian: -emia
  • → Dutch: -emie
  • → Polish: hemato-, -emia (learned)
  • → Russian: -емия (-emija)
  • → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: -емија
    Latin script: -emija

References
  1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 38–39
  2. Frisk, Hjalmar (1960–1972) “αἷμα”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter
  3. Chantraine, Pierre (1968–1980) “αἷμα”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (in French), Paris: Klincksieck
  4. Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “-emia”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
  5. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag
  6. αἷμα in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
  7. Keyser, Paul (2016) “A Semitic Etymology for Greek αἷμα”, in Semitica, volume 58, Leuven: Peeters, →DOI, pages 289-295

Further reading
  • “αἷμα”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “αἷμα”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “αἷμα”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
  • Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  • αἷμα in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
  • “αἷμα”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
  • G129 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
  • αἷμα in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
  • Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • αἷμα - Kriaras, Emmanuel (1969-) Επιτομή του Λεξικού της Μεσαιωνικής Ελληνικής Δημώδους Γραμματείας (Epitomí tou Lexikoú tis Mesaionikís Ellinikís Dimódous Grammateías) [Concise Dictionary of the Kriaras' Dictionary of Medieval Vulgar Greek Literature (1100–1669) Vols. 1–14. Vols 15- under I. Kazazes.)] (in Greek), Thessaloniki: Centre for the Greek language Online edition (abbreviations) Printed edition 2022: 22 vols.)
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