خواجه

Bulgar

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خواجه (xâje).

Noun

خُوَاجَه (xowâçe)

  1. teacher
    اَولِ اَلِبْ خُواجَه بَلُوى كُ ― awli alıp xowâçe belüwi kü ― ...'s son teacher Alıp's gravestone.

Descendants
  • Chuvash: хуҫа (huś̬a)
  • >? Chuvash: каччӑ (kaččă)

References
  • Erdal, Marcel (1993) Die Sprache der wolgabolgarischen Inschriften (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 164
  • Tekin, Talât (1988) Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası [Volga Bulgarian Ephitaphs and Volga Bulgarian Language]‎ (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, →ISBN, page 190

Ottoman Turkish

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Persian خواجه (xâje).

Noun

خواجه • (hoca)

  1. teacher
  2. professor
  3. master
  4. hodja

Descendants
  • Turkish: hoca
    • → English: hodja
    • → French: hodja
    • → German: Hodscha
    • → Serbo-Croatian: Hodža
    • → Portuguese: hodja
    • → Ubykh: [Term?] (/⁠χʷɜ́ɖ͡ʐɜ⁠/)
  • → Albanian: hoxhë
  • → Greek: χότζας (chótzas), Χατζάκης (Chatzákis)
  • → Hungarian: hodzsa
  • → Middle Armenian: խօջայ (xōǰay), խոջայ (xoǰay), խօճայ (xōčay)
    • Armenian: խոջա (xoǰa), հօճա (hōča), խօճա (xōča)
  • → Romanian: hoge
  • → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: хоџа
    Latin script: hȍdža, Hodžić
  • → Slovak: hodža

Persian
Dari خواجه
Iranian Persian
Tajik хоҷа

Etymology

Ultimately derived from a Middle Indo-Aryan reflex of Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”), via Central Asian intermediaries.[1][2] Various Middle Indo-Aryan reflexes are attested from all stages, including Maharastri Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uvajjhāa), but the Central Asian loaning source most closely resembles an unattested *𑀯𑀸𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (*vājjhāa) — matching Sindhi واجهو (vājho, “Hindu schoolteacher”), cf. also Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; instructor; family priest”). The initial aspiration in Classical Persian خواجه (xwāja) is also found in Khwarezmian خواجیک (xwʾjyk /⁠xwājīk⁠/, “venerated man”) and Chinese 和尚 (héshàng, “Buddhist monk”) (see more there).

Pronunciation
 
  • (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [xɑː.d͡ʒä]
    • (Kabuli) IPA(key): [xɑː.d͡ʒä]
    • (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [xɔː.d͡ʒä]

Readings
Classical reading? xwāja
Dari reading? xāja
Iranian reading? xâje
Tajik reading? xoja

Noun

خواجه • (xâje) (plural خواجه‌ها (xâje-hâ) or خواجگان (xâjegân))

  1. lord, master, owner
  2. (archaic) dignitary, gentleman
    Synonyms: مهتر (mehtar), بزرگ (bozorg), سید (seyyed), آقا (âqâ)
  3. (archaic) wealthy man
    Synonyms: مالدار (mâldâr), ثروتمند (servatmand)
  4. (archaic) a polite form of address of a man, mister
  5. Khwajah, vizier
    • 11th century, Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
      چون حسنک بیامد، خواجه بر پای خاست. چون او این مَکرمُت بکرد، همه – اگر خواستند یا نه – بر پای خاستند. بو سهل زوزنی بر خشم خود طاقت نداشت؛ برخاست، نه تمام و بر خویشتن می ژکید. احمد او را گفت: در همه کارها ناتمامی. وی نیک از جای بشد.
      When Hasanak came in, Khwaja [Ahmad] stood up. Since he performed this act of respect, everyone – whether they wanted or not – stood up. Bu Sahl Zawzani couldn't contain his anger. He stood up, but not completely, and was grumbling to himself. [Khwaja] Ahmad said to him: "In all tasks, you perform incompletely." He [Zawzani] became extremely angered.
  6. (colloquial, historical) eunuch
    Synonym: اخته (axte)

Derived terms
  • حواجه‌زاده (xâje-zâde)
  • حواجه‌سرا (xâje-sarâ)
  • خواجگی (xâjegi)
  • سرخواجه (sar-xâje)

Descendants
  • Tajik: хоҷа (xoja) / خواجه
  • → Arabic: خَوَاجَة (ḵawāja)
  • → Bengali: খোজা (khōja)
  • → Gujarati: ખોજા (khojā)
  • → Kazakh: Қожа (Qoja)
  • → Malay: khoja
  • → Malayalam: കോയ (kōya)
  • → Punjabi: ਖ਼ੋਜਾ (xojā) / خوجہ (xojā)
  • → Sindhi: خوجه
  • → Turkmen: Hoja
  • → Uyghur: خوجا (xoja)
    • → Mandarin: 獲嘉／获嘉 (huòjiā)
  • → Uzbek: xoja, xoʻja
  • → Azerbaijani: xoca
  • → Bashkir: хужа (xuja)
  • → Bengali: খাজা (khaja)
  • → Hindustani:
    Hindi: ख़्वाजा (xvājā)
    Urdu: خواجہ (xājā, xvājā)
  • → Punjabi: ਖ਼ਵਾਜਾ (xavājā) / خواجہ (xvājā)
  • → Sindhi: خواجه
  • → Ottoman Turkish: خواجه (hâce, hoca), խօճա (hoca)
    • Turkish: hoca
      • → English: hodja
      • → French: hodja
      • → German: Hodscha
      • → Serbo-Croatian: Hodža
      • → Portuguese: hodja
      • → Ubykh: [Term?] (/⁠χʷɜ́ɖ͡ʐɜ⁠/)
    • → Albanian: hoxhë
    • → Greek: χότζας (chótzas), Χατζάκης (Chatzákis)
    • → Hungarian: hodzsa
    • → Middle Armenian: խօջայ (xōǰay), խոջայ (xoǰay), խօճայ (xōčay)
      • Armenian: խոջա (xoǰa), հօճա (hōča), խօճա (xōča)
    • → Romanian: hoge
    • → Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: хоџа
      Latin script: hȍdža, Hodžić
    • → Slovak: hodža

References
  1. Asatrian, Garnik (2011) “Review: Iranian Loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik 28) by Claudia A. Ciancaglini”, in Iran and the Caucasus‎, volume 15, number 1/2, page 324
  2. Asatrian, Garnik (2012) “Marginal remarks on the history of some Persian words”, in Iran and the Caucasus‎, volume 16, number 1, page 108

Further reading
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