چغندر
Persian
Alternative forms
- چقندر (čoqondar, čoqondor), چکندر (čukundar, čukundur), چگندر (čugundar, čugundur), چندر (čundar, čundur)
Etymology
Bailey derives from Proto-Iranian *čak- (“be pointed, horned”) (compare Khotanese [script needed] (cakurīka-, “wood sorrel”), Persian چکش (čakoš, “hammer”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kek-, *kenk-, *keg-, *keng- (“be pointed; hook, peg”), on which see Pokorny.[1][2]
An improbable origin from Old Armenian ճակնդեղ (čakndeł) has also been suggested.
Cognate with Kurdish çewender, چەوەندەر (çewender), Gurani چۆنڎەری (čōnḓarī), Talysh чәғынде (“beet”); çəğınde, Northern Kurdish çarkindêle (“beet; carrot”) and the Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian ճակնդեղ (čakndeł, “beet”), Old Georgian ჭაკუნტელი (č̣aḳunṭeli), Chinese 莙薘／莙荙 (jūndá, “chard”).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [t͡ʃu.ɣun.ˈduɾ], [t͡ʃu.ɣun.ˈdaɾ]
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ], [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ǽɾ]
- (Kabuli) IPA(key): [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ], [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ǽɾ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [t͡ʃʰu.ɣun̪.d̪úɾ], [t͡ʃʰu.ɣun̪.d̪ǽɾ]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [t͡ʃʰo.ɢon̪.d̪ǽɹ], [t͡ʃʰo.ɢon̪.d̪úːɹ]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [t͡ʃʰu.ʁun̪.d̪úɾ], [t͡ʃʰu.ʁun̪.d̪ǽɾ]
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | čuğundur, čuğundar |
| Dari reading? | čuğundur, čuğundar |
| Iranian reading? | čoğondar, čoğondur |
| Tajik reading? | čuġundur, čuġundar |
Descendants
- → Pashto: چغندر (čuğundar)
- → Azerbaijani: çuğundur
- → Gujarati: ચુકનદાર (cukandār)
- → Ottoman Turkish: چوكندر (çükündür, çökündür, çügündür, çükündur, çükundur)
- Turkish: çükündür, çökündür
- → Bulgarian: чукунду́р (čukundúr)
- → Ladino: chukundur
- → Middle Armenian: չքնտուր (čʻkʻntur)
- → Serbo-Croatian: (Syrmia, obsolete)
- Cyrillic script: чуку̀ндрук
- Latin script: čukùndruk
- → Bashkir: сөгөлдөр (sögöldör)
- → Chuvash: чĕкĕнтĕр (čĕkĕntĕr)
- → Turkmen: şugundyr
- → Tatar: чөгендер (çögender)
- → Karachay-Balkar: чюгюндюр (çügündür)
- → Hindi: चुक़न्दर (cuqandar), चुकंदर (cukandar)
- → Urdu: چقندر (cuqandar)
- → Lezgi: чугъундур (čuġundur)
References
- Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 97
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 537–538
Further reading
- Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “ճակն”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, pages 176–177
- Cabolov, R. L. (2001) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ kurdskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Kurdish Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Russian Academy Press Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 225, 230
- Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “چغندر”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
- Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20) (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, pages 75, 76
- Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 186
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “چغندر”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
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