क्षम्

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
  • ক্ষম্ (Assamese script)
  • ᬓ᭄ᬱᬫ᭄ (Balinese script)
  • ক্ষম্ (Bengali script)
  • 𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰦𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
  • 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀫𑁆 (Brahmi script)
  • က္ၑမ် (Burmese script)
  • ક્ષમ્ (Gujarati script)
  • ਕ੍ਸ਼ਮ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
  • 𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌮𑍍 (Grantha script)
  • ꦏ꧀ꦰꦩ꧀ (Javanese script)
  • 𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂧𑂹 (Kaithi script)
  • ಕ್ಷಮ್ (Kannada script)
  • ក្ឞម៑ (Khmer script)
  • ກ຺ຩມ຺ (Lao script)
  • ക്ഷമ് (Malayalam script)
  • ᡬᢢᠠᠮ (Manchu script)
  • 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘿 (Modi script)
  • ᢉᢔᠠᠮ (Mongolian script)
  • 𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧆𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
  • 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐩𑑂 (Newa script)
  • କ୍ଷମ୍ (Odia script)
  • ꢒ꣄ꢰꢪ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
  • 𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆩𑇀 (Sharada script)
  • 𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖦𑖿 (Siddham script)
  • ක්‍ෂම් (Sinhalese script)
  • 𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩴 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
  • 𑚊𑚶𑚢𑚶 (Takri script)
  • க்ஷம் (Tamil script)
  • క్షమ్ (Telugu script)
  • กฺษมฺ (Thai script)
  • ཀྵ་མ྄ (Tibetan script)
  • 𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒧𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
  • 𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨢𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ḍẓʰáHs, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰžʰáHs, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s (“earth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬨 (zam), Latin humus, the source of English human; Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn), Persian زمین (zamin), Russian земля (zemlja).[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

क्षम् • (kṣám) stem, f

  1. ground, earth
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:भू
    • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 8.46.6:
      कृ॒ष्णा रजां॑सि पत्सु॒तः प्र॒याणे॑ जा॒तवे॑दसः ।
      अ॒ग्निर्यद्रोध॑ति॒ क्षमि॑ ॥
      kṛṣṇā́ rájāṃsi patsutáḥ prayā́ṇe jātávedasaḥ.
      agníryádródhati kṣámi.
      As Jātavedas speeds along, the dust is black beneath his feet,
      When Agni spreads upon the earth.
Declension
Declension of क्षम्
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative क्षाः (kṣā́ḥ) क्षामा (kṣā́mā) क्षामः (kṣāmaḥ)/क्षाः (kṣā́ḥ)
Accusative क्षाम् (kṣā́m) - क्षाः (kṣā́ḥ)
Instrumental क्षमा (kṣamā́)/ज्मा (jmā́) - -
Dative क्षे (kṣe) - -
Ablative ग्मः (gmáḥ)/ज्मः (jmáḥ)/क्ष्मः (kṣmáḥ) - -
Genitive ग्मः (gmáḥ)/ज्मः (jmáḥ)/क्ष्मः (kṣmáḥ) - -
Locative क्षमि (kṣámi) - क्षासु (kṣā́su)
Descendants
  • Kalasha: čhom
  • → Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšamH- (“to bear, to endure”),[2] probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰse-mH, metathesized form of *segʷʰ- (“to be strong”) (which is likely not related to *seǵʰ- (“to hold, overpower”), despite similarities in form and meaning), whence also सघ्नोति (saghnóti) and possibly Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos).[3] Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬴𐬄𐬥𐬨𐬇𐬥𐬉 (xṣ̌ąnmə̄nē, “to be contented, to resign oneself to”). Also related to Pashto زغمل (zğëmël, “to endure, to tolerate, to go through”), which is from a Proto-Indo-Iranian *zgʰamH- which did not undergo metathesis.

Root

क्षम् • (kṣam)

  1. to submit; endure, suffer
  2. pardon, forgive
  3. resist
Derived terms
  • अक्षंस्थास् (akṣaṃsthās)
  • अक्षम (akṣama)
  • क्षंस्यति (kṣaṃsyati)
  • क्षंस्यते (kṣaṃsyate)
  • क्षन्तुम् (kṣantum)
  • क्षमता (kṣamatā)
  • क्षमति (kṣamati)
  • क्षमते (kṣamate)
  • क्षमयति (kṣamayati)
  • क्षमयाम् (kṣamayām)
  • क्षमा (kṣamā)
  • क्षमापय (kṣamāpaya)
  • क्षमिष्यति (kṣamiṣyati)
  • क्षम्यताम् (kṣamyatām)
  • क्षम्यते (kṣamyate)
  • क्षामयते (kṣāmayate)
  • क्षाम्यति (kṣāmyati)
  • चक्षण्वहे (cakṣaṇvahe)
  • चक्षमे (cakṣame)

References
  1. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 424-5
  2. Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 453
  3. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 425-6
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