おどろく

Japanese
Alternative spellings
驚く
愕く
駭く

Etymology

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] Ultimate derivation unclear. Possibilities include:

  • Cognate with, or otherwise alteration from, 轟く (todoroku, “to make a loud noise, as when surprised”)
  • Derived from apparent conjugation form odo from 怖づ (odu, odzu, “to be afraid, to be scared of something”, modern verb 怖じる, ojiru), plus uncertain suffix -roku

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "驚く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 驚く おどろ​く [òdóróꜜkù]
Imperative (命令形) 驚け おどろ​け [òdóróꜜkè]
Key constructions
Passive 驚かれる おどろかれ​る [òdórókáréꜜrù]
Causative 驚かせる おどろかせ​る [òdórókáséꜜrù]
Potential 驚ける おどろけ​る [òdórókéꜜrù]
Volitional 驚こう おどろこ​ー [òdórókóꜜò]
Negative 驚かない おどろか​ない [òdórókáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 驚かなかった おどろか​なかった [òdórókáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 驚きます おどろきま​す [òdórókímáꜜsù]
Perfective 驚いた おどろ​いた [òdóróꜜìtà]
Conjunctive 驚いて おどろ​いて [òdóróꜜìtè]
Hypothetical conditional 驚けば おどろ​けば [òdóróꜜkèbà]

Verb

おどろく • (odoroku) intransitive godan (stem おどろき (odoroki), past おどろいた (odoroita))

  1. to be astonished, surprised, amazed, startled
    • 2011, Barack Obama, 中東と北アフリカに関するバラク・オバマの演説, translation of "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa":
      この革(かく)命(めい)の物(もの)語(がたり)やその後(あと)の出(で)来(き)事(ごと)は、驚(おどろ)くに当(あ)たらない。
      Kono kakumei no monogatari ya sono ato no dekigoto wa, odoroku ni ataranai.
      The story of this revolution, and the ones that followed, should not have come as a surprise.
    • 1956, Kawabata, Snow Country:
      彼(かれ)が驚(おどろ)いて離(はな)させると深(ふか)い歯(は)型(がた)がついていた。
      Kare ga odoroite hanasaseru to fukai hagata ga tsuite ita.
      Startled, he pulled her arm away: deep tooth marks were on it.
      彼(かれ)が驚(おどろ)いて離(はな)させると深(ふか)い歯(は)型(がた)がついていた。
      Kare ga odoroite hanasaseru to fukai hagata ga tsuite ita.
      Startled, he pulled her arm away: deep tooth marks were on it.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "おどろく" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") おどろか odoroka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") おどろき odoroki
Shūshikei ("terminal") おどろく odoroku
Rentaikei ("attributive") おどろく odoroku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") おどろけ odoroke
Meireikei ("imperative") おどろけ odoroke
Key constructions
Passive おどろかれる odorokareru
Causative おどろかせる
おどろかす		 odorokaseru
odorokasu
Potential おどろける odorokeru
Volitional おどろこう odorokō
Negative おどろかない odorokanai
Negative continuative おどろかず odorokazu
Formal おどろきます odorokimasu
Perfective おどろいた odoroita
Conjunctive おどろいて odoroite
Hypothetical conditional おどろけば odorokeba

Synonyms

References
  1. “驚・愕・駭”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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