怯える
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 怯 |
| おび Hyōgaiji |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 脅える (less common) |
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) おびえる [òbíérú] (Heiban – [0])[1][2][3]
- (Tokyo) おびえる [òbíéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [o̞bʲie̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "怯える"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
怯える | おびえる | [òbíérú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 怯えろ | おびえろ | [òbíéró] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 怯えられる | おびえられる | [òbíérárérú] |
| Causative | 怯えさせる | おびえさせる | [òbíésásérú] |
| Potential | - | - | - |
| Volitional | 怯えよう | おびえよー | [òbíéyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 怯えない | おびえない | [òbíénáí] |
| Negative perfective | 怯えなかった | おびえなかった | [òbíénáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 怯えます | おびえます | [òbíémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 怯えた | おびえた | [òbíétá] |
| Conjunctive | 怯えて | おびえて | [òbíété] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 怯えれば | おびえれば | [òbíéréꜜbà] |
Conjugation
Conjugation of "怯える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 怯え | おびえ | obie | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 怯え | おびえ | obie | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 怯える | おびえる | obieru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 怯える | おびえる | obieru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 怯えれ | おびえれ | obiere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 怯えよ¹ 怯えろ² |
おびえよ¹ おびえろ² |
obieyo¹ obiero² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 怯えられる | おびえられる | obierareru | |
| Causative | 怯えさせる 怯えさす |
おびえさせる おびえさす |
obiesaseru obiesasu | |
| Potential | 怯えられる 怯えれる³ |
おびえられる おびえれる³ |
obierareru obiereru³ | |
| Volitional | 怯えよう | おびえよう | obieyō | |
| Negative | 怯えない 怯えぬ 怯えん |
おびえない おびえぬ おびえん |
obienai obienu obien | |
| Negative continuative | 怯えず | おびえず | obiezu | |
| Formal | 怯えます | おびえます | obiemasu | |
| Perfective | 怯えた | おびえた | obieta | |
| Conjunctive | 怯えて | おびえて | obiete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 怯えれば | おびえれば | obiereba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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