換える

Japanese

Etymology
Kanji in this term
換
か
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese かふ (kapu), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Cognate with 変(か)える (kaeru), 替(か)える (kaeru) and 代(か)える (kaeru).

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "換える"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 換える かえる [kàérú]
Imperative (命令形) 換えろ かえろ [kàéró]
Key constructions
Passive 換えられる かえられる [kàérárérú]
Causative 換えさせる かえさせる [kàésásérú]
Potential 換えられる かえられる [kàérárérú]
Volitional 換えよう かえよ​ー [kàéyóꜜò]
Negative 換えない かえない [kàénáí]
Negative perfective 換えなかった かえな​かった [kàénáꜜkàttà]
Formal 換えます かえま​す [kàémáꜜsù]
Perfective 換えた かえた [kàétá]
Conjunctive 換えて かえて [kàété]
Hypothetical conditional 換えれば かえれ​ば [kàéréꜜbà]

Verb

換(か)える • (kaeru) ←かへる (kaferu)?transitive ichidan (stem 換(か)え (kae), past 換(か)えた (kaeta))

Japanese verb pair
active 換える
mediopassive 換わる
  1. exchange, change for

Conjugation
Conjugation of "換える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 換え かえ kae
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 換え かえ kae
Shūshikei ("terminal") 換える かえる kaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 換える かえる kaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 換えれ かえれ kaere
Meireikei ("imperative") 換えよ¹
換えろ²		 かえよ¹
かえろ²		 kaeyo¹
kaero²
Key constructions
Passive 換えられる かえられる kaerareru
Causative 換えさせる
換えさす		 かえさせる
かえさす		 kaesaseru
kaesasu
Potential 換えられる
換えれる³		 かえられる
かえれる³		 kaerareru
kaereru³
Volitional 換えよう かえよう kaeyō
Negative 換えない
換えぬ
換えん		 かえない
かえぬ
かえん		 kaenai
kaenu
kaen
Negative continuative 換えず かえず kaezu
Formal 換えます かえます kaemasu
Perfective 換えた かえた kaeta
Conjunctive 換えて かえて kaete
Hypothetical conditional 換えれば かえれば kaereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

References
  1. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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