窄める

Japanese
Kanji in this term
窄
すぼ
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi
Japanese verb pair
active 窄(すぼ)める (窄(すぼ)める)
mediopassive 窄(すぼ)まる (窄(すぼ)まる)

Etymology 1

The transitive form of 窄む (subomu, “to become tapered, pulled together, scrunched up”), from the adjective 窄い (suboi, “tapered, pulled together, scrunched up”) + verb suffix む (mu, “to be like, to become like”).

Root stem /subo-/ is semantically and phonetically similar to root /ɕibo/ (a pucker or wrinkle; see 皺 (shibo)).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) すぼめる [sùbómérú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • (Tokyo) すぼめ​る [sùbóméꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
  • IPA(key): [sɨᵝbo̞me̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

窄(すぼ)める • (subomeru) transitive ichidan (stem 窄(すぼ)め (subome), past 窄(すぼ)めた (subometa))

  1. to make something become tapered, pulled together, scrunched up:
    1. to shut or fold (an umbrella)
    2. to shrug (one's shoulders)
    3. to pucker or purse (one's lips)
Usage notes

/subomeru/ and /tsubomeru/ are mostly identical, differing in connotation: /subomeru/ implies bringing together or scrunching up something that was broad and spreading, as in cloth or one's mouth; whereas /tsubomeru/ implies closing down or narrowing something that was open wide, as an umbrella. This distinction is minor, however.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "窄める" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 窄め すぼめ subome
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 窄め すぼめ subome
Shūshikei ("terminal") 窄める すぼめる subomeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 窄める すぼめる subomeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 窄めれ すぼめれ subomere
Meireikei ("imperative") 窄めよ¹
窄めろ²		 すぼめよ¹
すぼめろ²		 subomeyo¹
subomero²
Key constructions
Passive 窄められる すぼめられる subomerareru
Causative 窄めさせる
窄めさす		 すぼめさせる
すぼめさす		 subomesaseru
subomesasu
Potential 窄められる
窄めれる³		 すぼめられる
すぼめれる³		 subomerareru
subomereru³
Volitional 窄めよう すぼめよう subomeyō
Negative 窄めない
窄めぬ
窄めん		 すぼめない
すぼめぬ
すぼめん		 subomenai
subomenu
subomen
Negative continuative 窄めず すぼめず subomezu
Formal 窄めます すぼめます subomemasu
Perfective 窄めた すぼめた subometa
Conjunctive 窄めて すぼめて subomete
Hypothetical conditional 窄めれば すぼめれば subomereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
See also

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
窄
つぼ
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi
Japanese verb pair
active 窄(つぼ)める (窄(つぼ)める)
mediopassive 窄(つぼ)まる (窄(つぼ)まる)

The transitive form of 窄む (tsubomu, “to be narrowed, scrunched up”), probably as a shift from /subomu/ influenced by 蕾む / 莟む (tsubomu, “to form a bud”), ultimately from root /t͡subo/ (a container, a vessel)　+ verb suffix む (mu, “to be like, to become like”): see 壺 (tsubo, “a vessel, a basin, a container”).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) つぼめる [tsùbómérú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝbo̞me̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

窄(つぼ)める • (tsubomeru) transitive ichidan (stem 窄(つぼ)め (tsubome), past 窄(つぼ)めた (tsubometa))

  1. to narrow something, to scrunch something up:
    1. to shut or fold (an umbrella)
    2. to shrug (one's shoulders)
    3. to pucker or purse (one's lips)
Usage notes

/subomeru/ and /tsubomeru/ are mostly identical, differing in connotation: /subomeru/ implies bringing together or scrunching up something that was broad and spreading, as in cloth or one's mouth; whereas /tsubomeru/ implies closing down or narrowing something that was open wide, as an umbrella. This distinction is minor, however.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "窄める" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 窄め つぼめ tsubome
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 窄め つぼめ tsubome
Shūshikei ("terminal") 窄める つぼめる tsubomeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 窄める つぼめる tsubomeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 窄めれ つぼめれ tsubomere
Meireikei ("imperative") 窄めよ¹
窄めろ²		 つぼめよ¹
つぼめろ²		 tsubomeyo¹
tsubomero²
Key constructions
Passive 窄められる つぼめられる tsubomerareru
Causative 窄めさせる
窄めさす		 つぼめさせる
つぼめさす		 tsubomesaseru
tsubomesasu
Potential 窄められる
窄めれる³		 つぼめられる
つぼめれる³		 tsubomerareru
tsubomereru³
Volitional 窄めよう つぼめよう tsubomeyō
Negative 窄めない
窄めぬ
窄めん		 つぼめない
つぼめぬ
つぼめん		 tsubomenai
tsubomenu
tsubomen
Negative continuative 窄めず つぼめず tsubomezu
Formal 窄めます つぼめます tsubomemasu
Perfective 窄めた つぼめた tsubometa
Conjunctive 窄めて つぼめて tsubomete
Hypothetical conditional 窄めれば つぼめれば tsubomereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
See also

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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