굳세다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Gugeupganibang eonhae (救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해), 1489, as Middle Korean 굳세〯다〮 (Yale: kwùt-sěy-tá), equivalent to 굳다 (gutda, “to be hard”) +‎ 세다 (seda, “to be strong”).

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kuss͈e̞da̠]
Phonetic hangul: [굳쎄다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	gutseda
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	gudseda
McCune–Reischauer^?	kusseda
Yale Romanization^?	kwutseyta

Adjective

굳세다 • (gutseda) (infinitive 굳세 or 굳세어, sequential 굳세니)

to be firm, to be strong, to be steadfast

Conjugation

Selected forms of the adjective 굳세다 (gutseda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	굳세다 gutseda	굳세 gutse	굳세요, 굳세어요 gutseyo, gutseeoyo	굳셉니다 gutsemnida
Indicative	Past	굳셌다 gutsetda	굳셌어 gutsesseo	굳셌어요 gutsesseoyo	굳셌습니다 gutsetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	굳세냐 gutsenya	굳세 gutse	굳세요, 굳세어요 gutseyo, gutseeoyo	굳셉니까 gutsemnikka
Interrogative	Past	굳셌냐 gutsennya	굳셌어 gutsesseo	굳셌어요 gutsesseoyo	굳셌습니까 gutsetseumnikka
Assertive		굳세겠다 gutsegetda	굳세겠어 gutsegesseo	굳세겠어요 gutsegesseoyo	굳세겠습니다 gutsegetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		굳세 gutse	굳세서, 굳세어서 gutseseo, gutseeoseo	굳세니 gutseni	굳세니까 gutsenikka
Contrast		굳세지만 gutsejiman	굳센데 gutsende	굳세더니 gutsedeoni
Conjunction		굳세고 gutsego
Condition		굳세면 gutsemyeon	굳세야, 굳세어야 gutseya, gutseeoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		굳셈 gutsem	굳세기 gutsegi
Past-tense verbal nouns		굳셌음, 굳세었음 gutsesseum, gutseeosseum	굳셌기, 굳세었기 gutsetgi, gutseeotgi
Determiners	Present		굳센 gutsen
Determiners	Future		굳셀 gutsel

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	굳세시다 gutsesida	굳세셔 gutsesyeo	굳세세요, 굳세셔요 gutseseyo, gutsesyeoyo	굳세십니다 gutsesimnida
Indicative	Past	굳세셨다 gutsesyeotda	굳세셨어 gutsesyeosseo	굳세셨어요 gutsesyeosseoyo	굳세셨습니다 gutsesyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	굳세시냐 gutsesinya	굳세셔 gutsesyeo	굳세세요, 굳세셔요 gutseseyo, gutsesyeoyo	굳세십니까 gutsesimnikka
Interrogative	Past	굳세셨냐 gutsesyeonnya	굳세셨어 gutsesyeosseo	굳세셨어요 gutsesyeosseoyo	굳세셨습니까 gutsesyeotseumnikka
Assertive		굳세시겠다 gutsesigetda	굳세시겠어 gutsesigesseo	굳세시겠어요 gutsesigesseoyo	굳세시겠습니다 gutsesigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		굳세셔 gutsesyeo	굳세셔서 gutsesyeoseo	굳세시니 gutsesini	굳세시니까 gutsesinikka
Contrast		굳세시지만 gutsesijiman	굳세신데 gutsesinde	굳세시더니 gutsesideoni
Conjunction		굳세시고 gutsesigo
Condition		굳세시면 gutsesimyeon	굳세셔야 gutsesyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		굳세심 gutsesim	굳세시기 gutsesigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		굳세셨음 gutsesyeosseum	굳세셨기 gutsesyeotgi
Determiners	Present		굳세신 gutsesin
Determiners	Future		굳세실 gutsesil

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