𐰼

Derived from Ancient Greek Ρ (R, “rho”) through intermediaries.

𐰼 (r²)

1. A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with front vowels.

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “r²”, in The Origin of Turkic Runic Alphabet, London, pages 69 and 75
• Tekin, Talât (1968) A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 27
• Clauson, Gerard (1962) Turkish and Mongolian studies‎, London: Royal Asiatic Society, page 80
• Ghirshman, Roman (1948) Les Chionites-Hephtalites‎, Iran: Institut francais d'archeologie orientale, page 63

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *er- (“to be”). Cognate with Turkish imek (“to be”), Uzbek emoq, Yakut эр (er, “to be”).

𐰼 (er-)

1. (intransitive) to be (something, somewhere)
   • 9th century CE, Irk Bitig, Omen 5:

     𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰋𐰏:𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰾

     meŋilig:beg:er:ermiš

     Apparently he was a happy lord.

• 𐰼𐰨 (erinč, “possibly, certainly”)
• 𐰼𐱅𐰃 (erti)
• 𐰼𐰢𐰾 (ermiš)
• 𐰼𐰾𐰼 (erser, “if”)
• 𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰃 (erkli, “while”)

• Tekin, Talât (1968) “är-”, in A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 326
• Tekin, Talât (1993) “(ä)r-”, in Irk Bitig: The Book of Omens, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 54
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “er-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 193
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*er-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Cognate with Chuvash ар (ar), Khalaj hər, Turkish er, Uzbek er, Bashkir ир (ir), Khakas ир (ir). Compare also Mongolian эр (er).

𐰼 (er)

1. man, human male
   • 9th century CE, Irk Bitig, Omen 12:

     𐰼:𐰉𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾

     er:abqa:barmïš

     A man went hunting.

𐰼 (er)

1. male

• 𐰼𐰓𐰢 (erdem, “courage, brave”)
• 𐰼𐰤 (eren, “men”)

• Tekin, Talât (1968) “är”, in A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 325
• Tekin, Talât (1993) “(ä)r”, in Irk Bitig: The Book of Omens, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 54
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “er”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 192
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ēr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r- (“to reach”). Cognate with Turkish ermek. Compare also Hungarian ér (“to reach”)

𐰼 (er-)

1. (intransitive) to reach

• 𐰼𐰏 (erig, “reachable”)

• Tekin, Talât (1968) “är”, in A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 328
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ér”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 194
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ẹ̄r-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Turkish -er.

𐰼 (-er, -ir, -r)

1. Forms simple present tense and aorist tense

   ‎𐱅𐰔 (tez-, “to flee”) + ‎𐰼 (r²) → ‎𐱅𐰔𐰼 (tezer, “he/she/it flees”)

2. Forms adjectives or nouns out of verbs

   ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kör-, “to see”) + ‎𐰼 (r²) → ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰼 (körür, “seeing”)

1. In monosyllabic verbs, if the verb ends with l, r or n, it takes the form 𐰇𐰼 (-ür) or 𐰼 (-ir).

   ‎𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + ‎𐰇𐰼 (ür²) → ‎𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰼 (bilir, “he/she/it knows”)

2. In monosyllabic verbs, if the verb ends a vowel, it takes the form 𐰼 (-r) or 𐰘𐰇𐰼 (-yür).

   ‎𐱅𐰃 (té-, “to say”) + ‎𐰼 (r²) → ‎𐱅𐰃𐰼 (tér, “he/she/it says”)

   ‎𐰇 (ö-, “to think”) + ‎𐰘𐰇𐰼 (y²ür²) → ‎𐰇𐰘𐰇𐰼 (öyür, “he/she/it thinks”)

3. In polysyllabic verbs, if the verb ends with a consonant, it takes the form 𐰇𐰼 (-ür).

   ‎𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣 (qazɣan-, “to win, to conquer”) + ‎𐰇𐰼 (ür²) → ‎𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺 (qazɣanur, “he/she/it wins, conquers”)

4. In polysyllabic verbs, if the verb ends a vowel, it takes the form 𐰘𐰇𐰼 (-yür).

   ‎𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰀 (meŋile-, “to enjoy”) + ‎𐰘𐰇𐰼 (y²ür²) → ‎𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼 (meŋileyür, “he/she/it enjoys”)

5. For the negative form 𐰢𐰔 (-mez) is used instead.

   ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kör-, “to see”) + ‎𐰢𐰔 (mz) → ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰔 (körmez, “he/she/it doesn't see”)

• 𐰺 (-ar, -ïr, -r)
• 𐰇𐰼 (-ür)
• 𐰆𐰺 (-ur)
• 𐰘𐰇𐰼 (-yür)
• 𐰖𐰆𐰺 (-yur)

• 𐰓𐰃 (-di, “experienced past tense”)
• 𐰢𐱁 (-miš, “heard past tense”)
• 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (-deči, “future tense”)
• 𐰾𐰚 (-sik, “necessitive-future tense”)
• 𐰏𐰘 (-gey, “optative-future tense”)
• 𐰢𐰔 (-mez, “negative aorist tense”)
• 𐰢𐰲𐰃 (-meči, “negative future tense”)