-еский

Russian

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ), from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ. Doublet of -ский (-skij).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ʲɪskʲɪj]

Suffix

-еский • (-eskij)

  1. Used to form adjectives from nouns or sometimes other adjectives, often relational (meaning "related to X"); a variant of -ский (-skij): -ian, -ic, -ish
    ‎уча́стник (učástnik, “participant”) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎уча́стнический (učástničeskij, “participant (relational)”)
    ‎комме́рция (kommércija, “commerce”) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎комме́рческий (kommérčeskij, “commercial”)
    ‎враг (vrag, “enemy”) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎вра́жеский (vrážeskij, “enemy, hostile”)
    ‎мона́х (monáx, “monk”) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎мона́шеский (monášeskij, “monastic”)
    ‎това́рищ (továrišč, “comrade, friend”) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎това́рищеский (továriščeskij, “friendly”)
    ‎князь (knjazʹ, “prince; duke”) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎кня́жеский (knjážeskij, “princely, prince's; duke's”)

Usage notes

  • Usually occurs after stems historically ending in velar consonants (synchronically in /к/, /г/, /х/, /ц/, /з/). Triggers the first Slavic palatalisation.
  • The adverb is -ески (-eski).
  • The longer suffixes -ческий (-českij) and -и́ческий (-íčeskij) were generalized through rebracketing of nouns with roots ending in к and ик respectively.

Declension

Derived terms

Russian terms suffixed with -еский
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