-ja-
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"
Swahili
Etymology
From -ja (“come”).
Pronunciation
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Infix
-ja-
- negative perfect marker
- Antonym: -me-
- bado sijala ― I have not yet eaten
- walikuwa hawajalala ― they were not asleep
Usage notes
Often used together with the adverb bado to express "to have not yet".
Conjugation
Conjugation of -ja-
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | sija- | hatuja- | |
| 2nd person | huja- | hamja- | |
| 3rd person | m-wa(I/II) | haja- | hawaja- |
| m-mi(III/IV) | hauja- | haija- | |
| ji-ma(V/VI) | halija- | hayaja- | |
| ki-vi(VII/VIII) | hakija- | havija- | |
| n(IX/X) | haija- | hazija- | |
| u(XI) | hauja- | see n(X) or ma(VI) | |
| ku(XV/XVII) | hakuja- | ||
| pa(XVI) | hapaja- | ||
| mu(XVIII) | hamja- | ||
| For more information, see Appendix:Swahili verbs. | |||
See also
| Swahili TAM markers | |
|---|---|
| Initial | |
| Positive infinitive | ku-/kw-1 |
| Negative infinitive | kuto- |
| Habitual | hu-1 |
| Telegrammic | ka-1 |
| Final | |
| General (positive indicative) | -a |
| Positive subjunctive | -e |
| Negative present | -i |
| Second person plural | -ni |
| Infix position positive subject concord | |
| Positive past | -li- |
| Positive present | -na- |
| Positive future | -ta- |
| Negative subjunctive | -si-1 |
| Positive present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative present conditional | -singe- |
| Positive past conditional | -ngali- |
| Negative past conditional | -singali- |
| Gnomic | -a-1 |
| Perfect | -me- |
| "Already" past | -lisha- |
| "Already" present | -mesha-/-sha- |
| "If/When" | -ki-1 |
| "If not" | -sipo- |
| Consecutive | -ka-1 |
| Infix position negative subject concord | |
| Negative past | -ku-1 |
| Negative future | -ta- |
| "Not yet" | -ja-1 |
| Negative present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative past conditional | -ngali- |
| Relative | |
| Past | -li- |
| Present | -na- |
| Future | -taka- |
| Negative | -si- |
| 1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs. | |
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