< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xapati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Onomatopoeic. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʰap-, but it is nowadays reconstructed as *keh₂p- and would therefore be a separate onomatopoeia.

Morphologically, could be an intensive form of Proto-Slavic *xopiti (“to grab”) (with enlonged grade) + *-jeti.

Verb

*xāpàti impf (perfective *xapnǫti)[1][2]

  1. to seize, to snatch, to snap (in West, East Slavic; Slovene)
  2. to bite (in South Slavic)
    Synonym: *gryzati

Inflection
Conjugation of *xapati, *xapa, *xapľetь (impf., -a/j-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)
Suffix: *-ati
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*xapanьje *xapati *xapatъ *xapalъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *xapanъ *xapľemъ
Active *xapavъ *xapľę
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *xapaxъ*xapa*xapa *xapľǫ*xapľeši*xapľetь
Dual *xapaxově*xapasta*xapaste *xapľevě*xapľeta*xapľete
Plural *xapaxomъ*xapaste*xapašę *xapľemъ*xapľete*xapľǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st2nd3rd 1st2nd3rd
Singular *xapaaxъ*xapaaše*xapaaše —*xapľi*xapľi
Dual *xapaaxově*xapaašeta*xapaašete *xapľivě*xapľita—
Plural *xapaaxomъ*xapaašete*xapaaxǫ *xapľimъ*xapľite—
Conjugation of *xapati, *xapa, *xapajetь (impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)
Suffix: *-ati
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*xapanьje *xapati *xapatъ *xapalъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *xapanъ *xapajemъ
Active *xapavъ *xapaję
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *xapaxъ*xapa*xapa *xapajǫ*xapaješi*xapajetь
Dual *xapaxově*xapasta*xapaste *xapajevě*xapajeta*xapajete
Plural *xapaxomъ*xapaste*xapašę *xapajemъ*xapajete*xapajǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st2nd3rd 1st2nd3rd
Singular *xapaaxъ*xapaaše*xapaaše —*xapaji*xapaji
Dual *xapaaxově*xapaašeta*xapaašete *xapajivě*xapajita—
Plural *xapaaxomъ*xapaašete*xapaaxǫ *xapajimъ*xapajite—

Derived terms
  • *jьzxapati
  • *zaxapati
  • *naxapati
  • *oxapati
  • *otъxapati
  • *perxapati
  • *poxapati
  • *xapъka (“bite”) (in South Slavic)
  • *xapъkъ (“gainful, lucrative”)

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: хапати (xapati, “to seize, to bite, to sting, to trample”) (11th century; accent paradigm b)
      • Belarusian: хапа́ць (xapácʹ, “to grab”)
      • Russian: ха́пать (xápatʹ, “to seize, to grab”)
      • Ukrainian: хапа́ти (xapáty, “to seize, to steal, to grab”)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: хапьѭще (xapĭjǫšte, “(while) biting”, nom. masc. pl. pres. act. part.)
    • Bulgarian: ха́пя (hápja, “to bite”)
    • Macedonian: апе (ape, “to bite”)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: апати (“to bite, to sting”) (dialectal)
      Latin script: apati (“to bite, to sting”) (dialectal)
    • Slovene: hȃpati (“to snap, (reflexive) to seize”) (tonal orthography)
  • West Slavic:
    • Czech: chápat (“to grasp, to understand, to seize”)
    • Polish: chapać (“to seize”)
    • Slovak: сháраť (“to understand”)
    • Slovincian: chapac (“to seize”)
    • Sorbian:
      • Lower Sorbian: chapjaś

Further reading
  • Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “ха́пать”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 333
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xapati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 18
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ха́пать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*xāpàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 202: “v. (b) ‘seize’”
  2. Olander, Thomas (2001) “xapati: xapjǫ xapjetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b gribe (SA 210; PR 137)”
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