atbaill
Old Irish
Alternative forms
- ad·baill, at·bail
Etymology
From ess- (“out of”) + Class B third-person singular neuter infixed pronoun d- (“it”) + Proto-Celtic *balnīti, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“throw”). Thus literally ‘throw it’, originally either a euphemism or slang.
The preterite forms in at·bath- and the verbal noun apthu are from ess- + d- + original preterite passive form of baïd (“to die”), from Proto-Celtic *bā-, *bayo-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“tread”) (via a euphemistic meaning similar to pass away).
Compare Middle Welsh aballu (“die, perish”) (from *ad-balni-), Ancient Greek βάλλω (bállō, “throw”), Old English cwelan (“die”), Old Armenian կեղեմ (kełem, “torment, torture”), Lithuanian gėlà (“pain”)), compare Old Armenian կամ (kam, “to stand”), Latvian gāja (“went”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /adˈval͈ʲ/
Verb
at·baill (prototonic ·epil, verbal noun epeltu or apthu)
For quotations using this term, see Citations:atbaill.
Conjugation
The identification of this verb's present conjugation class is highly controversial due to simultaneously exhibiting alternation between a nasal suffixed present (seen in the -ll- ← -ln- attested only in the present stem) and non-nasal-suffix non-present stems characteristic of B IV and B V verbs in addition to the palatalization pattern of a B I verb. Virtually every author places this verb in a different conjugation class. Thurneysen classifies this as B V,[1] McCone classifies this as B III,[2] Le Mair classifies this as B I,[3] and Anderson creates an entire new conjugation class reserved for this verb, ernaid, sernaid, and marnaid.[4]
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive sg. | Passive pl. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present indicative | Deut. | at·ball | at·baill | at·bail, at·baill, ad·baill; asind·bail (relative) | at·ballam | at·baillid | at·ballat | at·ballar | |
| Prot. | ·epul | ·epil | ·epil, ·apail | ·eiplem | ·eiplid | ·eiplet | ·apallar, ·epallar | ||
| Imperfect indicative | Deut. | at·baillinn | at·bailletha | at·bailled | at·bailmis | at·baillethae | at·bailtis | at·baillethae | |
| Prot. | ·eiplinn | ·eipletha | ·eipled | ·epilmis | ·eiplethae | ·eiplitis | ·eiplethae | ||
| Preterite | Deut. | at·balt | at·bath | at·bath | at·bathatar; asind·bathatar (relative) | at·batha (with active meaning) | |||
| Prot. | ·apath | ·apathatar | ·aptha (with active meaning) | ||||||
| Perfect | Deut. | at·rubalt | at·rubalt | at·rubaltatar | |||||
| Prot. | ·érbailt | ·érbaltatar | |||||||
| Future | Deut. | at·bél | at·bélae | at·béla | at·bélam | at·bélaid | at·bélat | ||
| Prot. | ·epéla | ·epélat | |||||||
| Conditional | Deut. | at·bélad | at·bélmis | ||||||
| Prot. | |||||||||
| Present subjunctive | Deut. | at·bel; asind·bel (relative) | at·bela; asin·bela (relative); at·roblea (ro-form) | ||||||
| Prot. | ·eplea; ·érbala (ro-form) | ·érbalam, ·ǽrbalam (ro-form) | ·eplet; ·érbalat (ro-form) | ||||||
| Past subjunctive | Deut. | at·belain, at·belainn; asind·belain (relative) | at·belad; asind·belad (relative) | at·belmais | at·beltais | ||||
| Prot. | ·epled, ·aipled; ·érbalad (ro-form) | ·epeltais, ·epíltis | |||||||
| Imperative | eiplet, aiplet | ||||||||
| Verbal noun | epeltu, apthu | ||||||||
| Past participle | |||||||||
| Verbal of necessity | |||||||||
Descendants
- Middle Irish: eplaid, ablaid
References
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 552, page 357
- McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, pages 30–31
- Le Mair, Esther (2011) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses (Ph.D. thesis), Galway: National University of Ireland, page 281
- Anderson, Cormac (2016) Consonant colour and vocalism in the history of Irish (Ph.D. thesis), Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University, page 277
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “at-bail(l)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language