ke- -an

Inherited from Malay ke- -an, from Proto-Malayic *kA- -an, from Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an. Semantic loan from Javanese ꦏ- -ꦲꦤ꧀ (ka- -han) for sense of too [base] or exceed.

• IPA^(key): /kə an/

ke- -an

1. -ness; appended to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)"

   kebaratan ― westness

   ketimuran ― eastness

   kebesaran ― hugeness

   kehausan ― thirst

2. -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.

   kepemimpinan ― leadership

3. -dom; Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.

   kerajaan ― kingdom

4. -ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.

   ketercapaian ― accessibility

5. -tion;

   keadaan ― condition

6. to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases.

   ‎racun (“poison”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎keracunan (“poisoned”)

   ‎ciprat + ‎ke- -an → ‎kecipratan

   ‎lapar + ‎ke- -an → ‎kelaparan (“to suffer from hunger”)

   ‎hilang + ‎ke- -an → ‎kehilangan (“to suffer the loss of”)

7. (colloquial or informal) adjective forming for too [base] or exceed, affixed into adjective, adverb, or noun.

   ‎sempit (“tight”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kesempitan (“tightness, too tight”)

   ‎kecil (“small”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kekecilan (“too small”)

   ‎malam (“night”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kemalaman (“too late”)

From Old Malay ke- -an, from Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an.

• IPA^(key): /kə- -an/

ke- -an

1. -ness; appended to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)"

   ‎cantik (“beautiful”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kecantikan (“beauty”)

   ‎besar (“huge”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kebesaran (“hugeness”)

   ‎haus (“thirsty”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kehausan (“thirst”)

2. -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.

   ‎pimpin (“to lead”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kepimpinan (“leadership”)

3. -dom; Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.

   ‎raja (“king”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kerajaan (“government, kingdom”)

4. -ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.

   ‎tercapai (“accessibile”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎ketercapaian (“accessibility”)

5. -tion;

   ‎ada (“to be (exist)”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎keadaan (“condition”)

6. to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases.

   ‎racun (“poison”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎keracunan (“to be poisoned”)

   ‎lapar (“hungry”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kelaparan (“to suffer from hunger”)

   ‎hilang (“to lose something”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kehilangan (“to suffer the loss of”)