twardy

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Cognate with Upper Sorbian twjerdy.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈtwardɨ/

Adjective

twardy (comparative twarźejšy, superlative nejtwarźejšy, adverb twardo or twarźe)

  1. hard (resistant to pressure)

Declension

Antonyms

Derived terms

  • twarda plata (“hard drive”)

Further reading

  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “twardy”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999) “twardy”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish twardy, from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Doublet of kwarc and kwarzec.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈtfar.dɨ/
  • (file)
  • Rhymes: -ardɨ
  • Syllabification: twar‧dy

Adjective

twardy (comparative twardszy, superlative najtwardszy, derived adverb twardo)

  1. hard
    Antonym: miękki
    Diamenty są bardzo twarde. ― Diamonds are very hard.
    Moje łóżko jest bardzo twarde. ― My bed is very hard.
    Boli mnie ząb, więc nie mogę jeść twardego jedzenia. ― I have a toothache so I can't eat tough food.
    Ten stek jest twardy. ― This steak is tough.
  2. (of water) hard (high in dissolved calcium compounds)
  3. tough
    Nie bądź dla niej taki twardy. ― Don't be so tough with her.
    Nie uważasz, że jesteś dla niego zbyt twardy? ― Don't you think you are too hard on him?
  4. firm
    Wolę spać na twardym materacu. ― I prefer sleeping on a firm mattress.
  5. stiff, rigid
    Muszę kupić twardy pędzel. ― I have to buy a stiff brush.

Declension

Derived terms

noun
adjective
nouns
verbs

Further reading

  • twardy in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • twardy in Polish dictionaries at PWN
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