خراج

Arabic

Etymology 1

From خ ر ج (ḵ-r-j) in the sense “to extract” or “take out”, with phono-semantic matching of Middle Persian apparently in an unattested by-form of by-itself Iranian-origin 𐫍𐫡𐫃 (hrg /⁠harg⁠/), 𐫟𐫡𐫃 (xrg /⁠xarg⁠/), 𐫆𐫡𐫵𐫃 (hrːg /⁠harg⁠/, “tribute”) surfacing as Old Armenian հարկ (hark) etc., an already Old Persian contamination *𐏃𐎼𐎠𐎣 (ha-ra-a-ka /⁠*harāka⁠/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”) on the model of Imperial Aramaic 𐡄𐡋𐡊𐡀 (hlkʾ /⁠hălāḵā⁠/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”), itself calqued from Akkadian 𒅋𒆪 (il-ku /⁠ilku⁠/, “corvée, tribute, any public charge based on land property”). Also attested several times in Biblical Aramaic הֲלָכָא (/⁠hălāḵā⁠/) but otherwise missing in Aramaic.

Noun

خَرَاج • (ḵarāj) m (plural أَخْرَاج (ʔaḵrāj) or أَخْرِجَة (ʔaḵrija))

  1. public levy, subsidy; poll-tax, tribute
Declension
Descendants
  • → English: kharaj
  • → Azerbaijani: xərac
  • → French: kharaj
  • → Middle Armenian: խարաճ (xarač)
  • → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (haraç)
  • → Persian: خراج (xarâj)
    • → Punjabi: ਖਰਾਜ (kharāj)
    • → Urdu: خراج (xarāj)
  • → Polish: charadż
  • → Russian: хара́дж (xarádž)
  • → Spanish: jarach

Etymology 2

Root
خ ر ج (ḵ-r-j)

Noun

خُرَاج or خُرَّاج • (ḵurāj or ḵurrāj) m (plural خُرَاجَات (ḵurājāt) or خُرَّاجَات (ḵurrājāt))

  1. abscess, boil, aposteme
Declension
Alternative forms
  • خُرَاجَة (ḵurāja)
Descendants
  • → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (huraç, hurraç)

References

  • “hlk”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • Burrow, Thomas (1935) “Iranian Words in the Kharoṣṭhi Documents from Chinese Turkestan—II”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies‎, volume 7, number 4, page 788 of 779–790
  • Henning, Walter Bruno (1935) “Arabisch ḫarāǧ”, in Orientalia, volume 4 (Nova Series), →DOI, pages 291–293 = Henning, W. B. (1977) Selected Papers (Acta Iranica; 14)‎, volume 1, Tehran and Liège: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, pages 355–357
  • Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 58

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

From Arabic خَرَاج (ḵarāj).

Noun

خراج • (haraç)

  1. public levy, subsidy; poll tax, tribute
  2. a tax on land held by non-Muslims
    Synonym: جزیه (cizye)
Derived terms
  • خراججی (haraccı, “tax collector”, noun)
  • خراجگزار (haraç-güzar, “tributary”, noun)
Descendants

Etymology 2

From Arabic خُرَاج (ḵurāj).

Noun

خراج • (huraç, hurraç)

  1. abscess, boil, aposteme

References

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