加減

See also: 加减

Chinese

		to add; plus	to lower; to decrease; to reduce to lower; to decrease; to reduce; to subtract; to diminish
trad. (加減)		加	減
simp. (加减)		加	减

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiājiǎn

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚㄐㄧㄢˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa¹ gaam²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâ-kám
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ke-kiám / kee-kiám

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiājiǎn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚㄐㄧㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiajiǎn
  - Wade–Giles: chia¹-chien³
  - Yale: jyā-jyǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiajean
  - Palladius: цзяцзянь (czjaczjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaa¹ gaam²
  - Yale: gā gáam
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaa¹ gaam²
  - Guangdong Romanization: ga¹ gam²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː⁵⁵ kaːm³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâ-kám
  - Hakka Romanization System: ga´ gam`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ga¹ gam³
  - Sinological IPA: /ka²⁴ kam³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Kinmen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-kiám
  - Tâi-lô: ke-kiám
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ke'kiarm
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /ke⁴⁴⁻²² kiam⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ke³³ kiam⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ke⁴⁴⁻³³ kiam⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ke⁴⁴⁻³³ kiam⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kee-kiám
  - Tâi-lô: kee-kiám
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² kiam⁵³/
  - IPA (Penang): /kɛ³³⁻²¹ kiam⁴⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: kae keamX

Rime
Character	加	減
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	古牙切	古斬切
Baxter	kae	keamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠa/	/kˠɛm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚa/	/kᵚæm^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ka/	/kɐm^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨ/	/kəɨm^X/
Li Rong	/ka/	/kɐm^X/
Wang Li	/ka/	/kɐm^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ka/	/kăm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiā	jiǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaa¹	gaam²

Verb

加減

(literal) to increase or decrease; to add or subtract
- 《刑名》所以經略罪法之輕重，正加減之等差。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  《刑名》所以经略罪法之轻重，正加减之等差。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 648 CE, Fang Xuanling (lead editor), Book of Jin
  “Xíngmíng” suǒyǐ jīnglüè zuìfǎ zhī qīngzhòng, zhèng jiājiǎn zhī děngchā. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
(figurative) to adjust

Derived terms

加減乘除／加减乘除 (jiājiǎn chéngchú)

Adverb

加減

(Hakka, Hokkien) somewhat; to some extent; more or less
(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) casually; carelessly

Derived terms

加减好

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (加減):

→ Japanese: 加(か)減(げん) (kagen)
→ Korean: 가감(加減) (gagam)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
加	減
か Grade: 4	げん Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かげん [kàgéń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ɡẽ̞ɴ]

Noun

加(か)減(げん) • (kagen)

addition and subtraction
adjustment, moderation
degree, amount (of seasoning, heating, etc.)
さじ加減(かげん)を知(し)らない。
Saji kagen o shiranai.
They do not know the right number of spoonfuls.
physical condition, how one is feeling

Derived terms

(addition and subtraction): 加減乗除(かげんじょうじょ) (kagenjōjo)
いい加(か)減(げん) (iikagen)

Suffix

加(か)減(げん) • (-kagen)

the degree of
to that degree
just right
入(はい)り加減(かげん)の湯(ゆ)
hairi kagen no yu
bathwater that's just right to enter

Verb

加(か)減(げん)する • (kagen suru) transitive suru (stem 加(か)減(げん)し (kagen shi), past 加(か)減(げん)した (kagen shita))

adjust, make an allowance

Conjugation

Conjugation of "加減する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	加減し	かげんし	kagen shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	加減し	かげんし	kagen shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	加減する	かげんする	kagen suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	加減する	かげんする	kagen suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	加減すれ	かげんすれ	kagen sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	加減せよ¹ 加減しろ²	かげんせよ¹ かげんしろ²	kagen seyo¹ kagen shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	加減される	かげんされる	kagen sareru
Causative	加減させる加減さす	かげんさせるかげんさす	kagen saseru kagen sasu
Potential	加減できる	かげんできる	kagen dekiru
Volitional	加減しよう	かげんしよう	kagen shiyō
Negative	加減しない	かげんしない	kagen shinai
Negative continuative	加減せず	かげんせず	kagen sezu
Formal	加減します	かげんします	kagen shimasu
Perfective	加減した	かげんした	kagen shita
Conjunctive	加減して	かげんして	kagen shite
Hypothetical conditional	加減すれば	かげんすれば	kagen sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

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