吠える
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 吠 |
| ほ Hyōgaiji |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 吼える |
Etymology
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pəyu. Cognate with Kunigami 吠いるん (ぶいるん, buirun), Miyako 吠いㇲ゙ (ぶいㇲ゙, buiz).
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "吠える"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
吠える | ほえる | [hòéꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 吠えろ | ほえろ | [hòéꜜrò] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 吠えられる | ほえられる | [hòéráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 吠えさせる | ほえさせる | [hòésáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 吠えられる | ほえられる | [hòéráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 吠えよう | ほえよー | [hòéyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 吠えない | ほえない | [hòéꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 吠えなかった | ほえなかった | [hòéꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 吠えます | ほえます | [hòémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 吠えた | ほえた | [hóꜜètà] |
| Conjunctive | 吠えて | ほえて | [hóꜜètè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 吠えれば | ほえれば | [hòéꜜrèbà] |
Conjugation
Conjugation of "吠える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 吠え | ほえ | hoe | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 吠え | ほえ | hoe | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 吠える | ほえる | hoeru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 吠える | ほえる | hoeru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 吠えれ | ほえれ | hoere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 吠えよ¹ 吠えろ² |
ほえよ¹ ほえろ² |
hoeyo¹ hoero² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 吠えられる | ほえられる | hoerareru | |
| Causative | 吠えさせる 吠えさす |
ほえさせる ほえさす |
hoesaseru hoesasu | |
| Potential | 吠えられる 吠えれる³ |
ほえられる ほえれる³ |
hoerareru hoereru³ | |
| Volitional | 吠えよう | ほえよう | hoeyō | |
| Negative | 吠えない 吠えぬ 吠えん |
ほえない ほえぬ ほえん |
hoenai hoenu hoen | |
| Negative continuative | 吠えず | ほえず | hoezu | |
| Formal | 吠えます | ほえます | hoemasu | |
| Perfective | 吠えた | ほえた | hoeta | |
| Conjunctive | 吠えて | ほえて | hoete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 吠えれば | ほえれば | hoereba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
Classical conjugation of "吠ゆ" (ヤ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 吠え | ほえ | foe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 吠え | ほえ | foe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 吠ゆ | ほゆ | foyu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 吠ゆる | ほゆる | foyuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 吠ゆれ | ほゆれ | foyure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 吠えよ | ほえよ | foeyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 吠えず | ほえず | foezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 吠ゆれど | ほゆれど | foyuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 吠ゆれば | ほゆれば | foyureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 吠えば | ほえば | foeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 吠えき | ほえき | foeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 吠えけり | ほえけり | foekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 吠えつ | ほえつ | foetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 吠えぬ | ほえぬ | foenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 吠えたり | ほえたり | foetari |
| Volitional | 吠えむ | ほえむ | foemu |
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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