悲しい

Japanese

Kanji in this term
悲
かな
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
哀しい (rare)
愛しい (rare)

Etymology

⟨kanasi1ki1⟩ → /kanasiki/ → /kanaɕiː/

From Old Japanese 悲し (kanasi, “emotionally overwhelming: dear, beloved, sad”), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kanasi (“beloved, dear”). Attested once in the Nihon Shoki of 720, and amply in the Man'yōshū, completed in 759.[1][2]

Originally meant "dear, beloved, lovely", in addition to "sad". The former senses were later taken over by other adjectives such as 愛らしい (airashii) and 可愛い (kawaii). See also the Ryukyuan cognates such as Miyako 悲す (kanasï) and Okinawan 愛さん (kanasan, “beloved, lovely, cute”), which do not mean "sad".

Considering the original sense of "emotionally overwhelming", might be cognate with 兼ねる (kaneru, “to group together; to be concerned about something”), from the semantic overlap with worrying.

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of "悲しい"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 悲しく かなしく [kànáshíkú]
Terminal (終止形) 悲しい かなしい
かなし​い
[kànáshíí]
[kànáshíꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 悲しい かなしい [kànáshíí]
Key constructions
Informal negative 悲しくない かなしくな​い [kànáshíkúnáꜜì]
Informal past 悲しかった かなし​かった [kànáshíꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 悲しくなかった かなしくな​かった [kànáshíkúnáꜜkàttà]
Formal 悲しいです かなし​いです [kànáshíꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 悲しくて かなし​くて [kànáshíꜜkùtè]
Conditional 悲しければ かなし​ければ [kànáshíꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

悲(かな)しい • (kanashii) -i (adverbial 悲(かな)しく (kanashiku))

  1. [from 720] sad, sorrowful

Inflection

Derived terms

References

  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 720, Nihon Shoki, poem 43:
    , text here
  3. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Further reading

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