掛ける

Japanese
See also 掛かる

Etymology
Kanji in this term
掛
か
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese 掛く (kaku), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "掛ける"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 掛ける かけ​る [kàkéꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 掛けろ かけ​ろ [kàkéꜜrò]
Key constructions
Passive 掛けられる かけられ​る [kàkéráréꜜrù]
Causative 掛けさせる かけさせ​る [kàkésáséꜜrù]
Potential 掛けられる かけられ​る [kàkéráréꜜrù]
Volitional 掛けよう かけよ​ー [kàkéyóꜜò]
Negative 掛けない かけ​ない [kàkéꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 掛けなかった かけ​なかった [kàkéꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 掛けます かけま​す [kàkémáꜜsù]
Perfective 掛けた か​けた [káꜜkètà]
Conjunctive 掛けて か​けて [káꜜkètè]
Hypothetical conditional 掛ければ かけ​れば [kàkéꜜrèbà]

Verb

掛(か)ける • (kakeru) ichidan (stem 掛(か)け (kake), past 掛(か)けた (kaketa))

Japanese verb pair
active 掛ける
mediopassive 掛かる
  1. (transitive) hang (a picture, etc.); hoist; raise (a flag); fly (a kite)
    • 1907, 夏目漱石, 野分:
      先生(せんせい)はただ気品(きひん)のない画(が)を掛(か)けたものだと思(おも)ったばかりである。
      Sensei wa tada kihin no nai ga o kaketa mono da to omotta bakari de aru.
      I always thought it was just some tasteless picture that the teacher had hung up.
  2. (transitive) multiply
    ２(に)に３(さん)を掛(か)けると６(ろく)になる。
    Ni ni san o kakeru to roku ni naru.
    Multiply 2 by 3 and you get 6.
  3. to sit (on a chair or bench, but not on the floor)
    おかけください
    o-kake kudasai
    please have a seat
    • 1937, 久生十蘭, 魔都:
      真名古(まなこ)は静(しず)かに椅子(いす)に掛(か)けて林(はやし)の顔(かお)を注視(ちゅうし)する。
      Manako wa shizuka ni isu ni kakete Hayashi no kao o chūshi suru.
      Manako sits in the chair quietly and examines Hayashi's face.
  4. to speak, to give an order etc., to call out, to call on the telephone
    • 1925, 国枝史郎, 郷介法師:
      その法師(ほうし)は声(こえ)を掛(か)けた。
      Sono hōshi wa koe o kaketa.
      The priest called out.
    • 1931, 永井荷風, つゆのあとさき:
      ちょっと電話(でんわ)を掛(か)けてくれ。
      Chotto denwa o kakete kure.
      Give me a call.
  5. to pour onto, to shake onto, to splash, to drip
    • 1946, 織田作之助, 土曜夫人:
      ペッペッと、右(みぎ)の手(て)に唾(つば)を掛(か)けて、げっぷをしていた。
      Peppetto, migi no te ni tsuba o kakete, geppu o shite ita.
      There he was, burping, with drool dripping onto his right hand.
  6. to wear a piece of clothing
    • 1908, 伊藤左千夫, 隣の嫁:
      省作(しょうさく)はそれにはかまわず、湯(ゆ)を出(で)て着物(きもの)を着(き)掛(か)けている。
      Shōsaku wa sore ni wa kamawazu, yu o dete kimono o kikakete iru.
      Shōsaku came out of the bath and wore his kimono without worrying about that.
  7. to pun (謎掛け)
    ○○とかけて××と解(と)く。
    ○○ To kakete ×× to toku.
    (please add an English translation of this example)

Suffix

掛(か)ける • (-kakeru) 

  1. to address someone, to direct, to do (something to someone)
    老人(ろうじん)が私(わたし)に突然話(とつぜんはな)しかけた。
    Rōjin ga watashi ni totsuzen hanashikaketa.
    An old man spoke to me suddenly.
  2. to be about to, to begin
    言(い)いかけてやめる
    iikakete yameru
    about to speak something but didn't
  3. in the middle of, to begin (not complete)
    長編(ちょうへん)を読(よ)みかける
    chōhen o yomikakeru
    in the middle of reading a long novel

Usage notes

This term is often spelled in hiragana. As a suffix, attach after the 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei) or the -masu form of the verb.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "掛ける" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 掛け かけ kake
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 掛け かけ kake
Shūshikei ("terminal") 掛ける かける kakeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 掛ける かける kakeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 掛けれ かけれ kakere
Meireikei ("imperative") 掛けよ¹
掛けろ²		 かけよ¹
かけろ²		 kakeyo¹
kakero²
Key constructions
Passive 掛けられる かけられる kakerareru
Causative 掛けさせる
掛けさす		 かけさせる
かけさす		 kakesaseru
kakesasu
Potential 掛けられる
掛けれる³		 かけられる
かけれる³		 kakerareru
kakereru³
Volitional 掛けよう かけよう kakeyō
Negative 掛けない
掛けぬ
掛けん		 かけない
かけぬ
かけん		 kakenai
kakenu
kaken
Negative continuative 掛けず かけず kakezu
Formal 掛けます かけます kakemasu
Perfective 掛けた かけた kaketa
Conjunctive 掛けて かけて kakete
Hypothetical conditional 掛ければ かければ kakereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Synonyms

See also

Conjunction

掛(か)ける • (kakeru) 

  1. (mathematics) times (multiplication)
    ２(に)掛(か)ける３(さん)は６(ろく)。
    Ni kakeru san wa roku.
    2 times 3 is 6.

Coordinate terms

References
  1. “掛・懸・賭・架”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  3. Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
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