治める

Japanese

Etymology
Kanji in this term
治
おさ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese 治む (wosamu). Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, and the Man'yōshū of circa 759 CE.[1] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *wosamu (“to control”). Cognate with 収(おさ)める (osameru).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 治む entry.

Likely derived ultimately from 長 (osa, “boss, chief, controller, ruler”).[1]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) おさめ​る [òsáméꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2][3]
  • IPA(key): [o̞sa̠me̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

治(おさ)める • (osameru) ←をさめる (wosameru)?transitive ichidan (stem 治(おさ)め (osame), past 治(おさ)めた (osameta))

Japanese verb pair
active 治める
mediopassive 治まる
  1. dominate, rule, govern
    部下(ぶか)を治(おさ)める
    buka o osameru
    dominate subordinates
    都市(とし)を治(おさ)める
    toshi o osameru
    rule a city
  2. tranquilize, pacify
    川(かわ)を治(おさ)める
    kawa o osameru
    tranquilize a river
  3. suppress

Conjugation
Conjugation of "治める" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 治め おさめ osame
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 治め おさめ osame
Shūshikei ("terminal") 治める おさめる osameru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 治める おさめる osameru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 治めれ おさめれ osamere
Meireikei ("imperative") 治めよ¹
治めろ²		 おさめよ¹
おさめろ²		 osameyo¹
osamero²
Key constructions
Passive 治められる おさめられる osamerareru
Causative 治めさせる
治めさす		 おさめさせる
おさめさす		 osamesaseru
osamesasu
Potential 治められる
治めれる³		 おさめられる
おさめれる³		 osamerareru
osamereru³
Volitional 治めよう おさめよう osameyō
Negative 治めない
治めぬ
治めん		 おさめない
おさめぬ
おさめん		 osamenai
osamenu
osamen
Negative continuative 治めず おさめず osamezu
Formal 治めます おさめます osamemasu
Perfective 治めた おさめた osameta
Conjunctive 治めて おさめて osamete
Hypothetical conditional 治めれば おさめれば osamereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Synonyms

Antonyms

References
  1. “治・修・納・収”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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