混凝土

Chinese

		to mix; to get along; thoughtless to mix; to get along; thoughtless; confused; dirty; mix	congeal; concentrate attention	earth; dust; rural earth; dust; rural; uncouth; uncultured; plebeian
trad. (混凝土)		混	凝	土
simp. ^#(混凝土)		混	凝	土

Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 混(コン)凝(クリー)土(ト) (konkurīto), in turn from English concrete.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hùnníngtǔ, hǔnníngtǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˋ ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˇ, ㄏㄨㄣˇ ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wan⁶ jing⁴ tou²
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hūn-gêng-thó͘ / khōng-ku-lí

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hùnníngtǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˋ ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hùnníngtǔ
  - Wade–Giles: hun⁴-ning²-tʻu³
  - Yale: hwùn-níng-tǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huennningtuu
  - Palladius: хуньнинту (xunʹnintu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən⁵¹ niŋ³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese, variant or dialectal)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hǔnníngtǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˇ ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hǔnníngtǔ
  - Wade–Giles: hun³-ning²-tʻu³
  - Yale: hwǔn-níng-tǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hoenningtuu
  - Palladius: хуньнинту (xunʹnintu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wan⁶ jing⁴ tou²
  - Yale: wahn yìhng tóu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wan⁶ jing⁴ tou²
  - Guangdong Romanization: wen⁶ ying⁴ tou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐn²² jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯³⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hūn-gêng-thó͘
  - Tâi-lô: hūn-gîng-thóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: huxn'gengtor
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hun²²⁻²¹ ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hun²²⁻²¹ ɡiɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹⁻²² ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khōng-ku-lí
  - Tâi-lô: khōng-ku-lí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoxngkulie
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ku⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ku⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

Note: khōng-ku-lí - from Japanese pronunciation.

Noun

混凝土

concrete (building material)

Synonyms

三合土 (sānhétǔ, “lime-sand-clay mixture”)
三和土 (¹se-hhu-thu) (Shanghainese)
灰塗／灰涂 (“lime-sand-clay mixture”) (Hokkien)
石屎 (shíshǐ) (chiefly Cantonese)
砼 (tóng) (technical)

Related terms

水泥 (shuǐní)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
混	凝	土
こん Grade: 5 (ateji)	こり > くりー Grade: S	と Grade: 1
on’yomi	irregular	kan’on

Etymology

Phono-semantic matching of English concrete: from 混(こん) (kon, “to blend; to mix”) + 凝(こり) (kori, “congealing”) + 土(と) (to, “dirt; soil”); coined by Isamu Hiroi (広井勇).

Noun

混凝土(コンクリート) • (konkurīto)

Alternative spelling of コンクリート

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