苦しむ

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
苦
くる
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE[1] and related to 苦しい (kurushii, “painful, suffering”). See that entry for more details.

-mu is an auxiliary suffix of becoming the specified state.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝɾɯ̟ᵝɕimɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "苦しむ"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
苦しむ くるし​む [kùrúshíꜜmù]
Imperative (命令形) 苦しめ くるし​め [kùrúshíꜜmè]
Key constructions
Passive 苦しまれる くるしまれ​る [kùrúshímáréꜜrù]
Causative 苦しませる くるしませ​る [kùrúshímáséꜜrù]
Potential 苦しめる くるしめ​る [kùrúshíméꜜrù]
Volitional 苦しもう くるしも​ー [kùrúshímóꜜò]
Negative 苦しまない くるしま​ない [kùrúshímáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 苦しまなかった くるしま​なかった [kùrúshímáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 苦しみます くるしみま​す [kùrúshímímáꜜsù]
Perfective 苦しんだ くるし​んだ [kùrúshíꜜǹdà]
Conjunctive 苦しんで くるし​んで [kùrúshíꜜǹdè]
Hypothetical conditional 苦しめば くるし​めば [kùrúshíꜜmèbà]

Verb

苦(くる)しむ • (kurushimu) intransitive godan (stem 苦(くる)しみ (kurushimi), past 苦(くる)しんだ (kurushinda))

Japanese verb pair
active 苦(くる)しめる (苦(くる)しめる)
mediopassive 苦(くる)しむ (苦(くる)しむ)
  1. suffer, struggle with, be tormented by
    • 2011, Barack Obama, 中東と北アフリカに関するバラク・オバマの演説, translation of "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa":
      それは占領(せんりょう)の屈辱(くつじょく)に苦(くる)しむことを、そして自分(じぶん)の国(くに)に住(す)んでいないことを意味(いみ)してきた。
      Sore wa senryō no kutsujoku ni kurushimu koto o, soshite jibun no kuni ni sunde inai koto o imi shite kita.
      For Palestinians, it has meant suffering the humiliation of occupation, and never living in a nation of their own.

Conjugation

References

  1. “苦”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
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