蹴る

Japanese
Kanji in this term
蹴
け
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Etymology

*/kuwu/ → /kuweru/ → /kʷeru/ → /keru/

From Old Japanese verb 蹴う (kuu).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

The conjugation shifted from 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”) (/kuwe-/, /kuu/) to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/kʷe-/, /kʷeru/) in Early Middle Japanese. This verb was the only shimo ichidan verb in Early Middle Japanese.[1]

Pronunciation of /kʷe/ changed to /ke/ before around 1300.[1]

The conjugation irregularly shifted from 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/ke-/, /keru/) to 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) (/ker-/, /keru/) after the early Edo period.[1]

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "蹴る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 蹴る け​る [kéꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 蹴れ け​れ [kéꜜrè]
Key constructions
Passive 蹴られる けられ​る [kèráréꜜrù]
Causative 蹴らせる けらせ​る [kèráséꜜrù]
Potential 蹴れる けれ​る [kèréꜜrù]
Volitional 蹴ろう けろ​ー [kèróꜜò]
Negative 蹴らない けら​ない [kèráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 蹴らなかった けら​なかった [kèráꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 蹴ります けりま​す [kèrímáꜜsù]
Perfective 蹴った け​った [kéꜜttà]
Conjunctive 蹴って け​って [kéꜜttè]
Hypothetical conditional 蹴れば け​れば [kéꜜrèbà]

Verb

蹴(け)る • (keru) transitive godan (stem 蹴(け)り (keri), past 蹴(け)った (ketta))

  1. to kick (something)
    ボールを蹴(け)った。
    Bōru o ketta.
    (He) kicked the ball.
  2. to leave a place, particularly in a wild, angry, or violent fashion: to storm out (in the form 席を蹴る (seki o keru, “to kick one's seat”))
    会(かい)議(ぎ)の席(せき)を蹴(け)って部屋(へや)を出(で)た。
    Kaigi no seki o kette heya o deta.
    (He) stormed out of the conference room.
  3. to reject
    申(もう)し出(で)を蹴(け)った。
    Mōshide o ketta.
    (He) refused the proposal.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "蹴る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 蹴ら けら kera
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 蹴り けり keri
Shūshikei ("terminal") 蹴る ける keru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 蹴る ける keru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 蹴れ けれ kere
Meireikei ("imperative") 蹴れ けれ kere
Key constructions
Passive 蹴られる けられる kerareru
Causative 蹴らせる
蹴らす		 けらせる
けらす		 keraseru
kerasu
Potential 蹴れる けれる kereru
Volitional 蹴ろう けろう kerō
Negative 蹴らない けらない keranai
Negative continuative 蹴らず けらず kerazu
Formal 蹴ります けります kerimasu
Perfective 蹴った けった ketta
Conjunctive 蹴って けって kette
Hypothetical conditional 蹴れば ければ kereba
  • Old Japanese:
Classical conjugation of "蹴う" (ワ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 蹴ゑくゑkuwe
Continuative (連用形) 蹴ゑくゑkuwe
Terminal (終止形) 蹴うくうkuu
Attributive (連体形) 蹴うるくうるkuuru
Realis (已然形) 蹴うれくうれkuure
Imperative (命令形) 蹴ゑよくゑよkuweyo
Key constructions
Negative 蹴ゑずくゑずkuwezu
Contrasting conjunction 蹴うれどくうれどkuuredo
Causal conjunction 蹴うればくうればkuureba
Conditional conjunction 蹴ゑばくゑばkuweba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 蹴ゑきくゑきkuweki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 蹴ゑけりくゑけりkuwekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 蹴ゑつくゑつkuwetu
Perfect tense (natural event) 蹴ゑぬくゑぬkuwenu
Perfect-continuative tense 蹴ゑたりくゑたりkuwetari
Volitional 蹴ゑむくゑむkuwemu
  • Early Middle Japanese, early Late Middle Japanese (before around 1300):
Classical conjugation of "蹴ゑる" (カ行下一段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 蹴ゑくゑkwe
Continuative (連用形) 蹴ゑくゑkwe
Terminal (終止形) 蹴ゑるくゑるkweru
Attributive (連体形) 蹴ゑるくゑるkweru
Realis (已然形) 蹴ゑれくゑれkwere
Imperative (命令形) 蹴ゑよくゑよkweyo
Key constructions
Negative 蹴ゑずくゑずkwezu
Contrasting conjunction 蹴ゑれどくゑれどkweredo
Causal conjunction 蹴ゑればくゑればkwereba
Conditional conjunction 蹴ゑばくゑばkweba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 蹴ゑきくゑきkweki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 蹴ゑけりくゑけりkwekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 蹴ゑつくゑつkwetu
Perfect tense (natural event) 蹴ゑぬくゑぬkwenu
Perfect-continuative tense 蹴ゑたりくゑたりkwetari
Volitional 蹴ゑむくゑむkwemu
  • Late Middle Japanese since around 1300:
Classical conjugation of "蹴る" (カ行下一段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 蹴けke
Continuative (連用形) 蹴けke
Terminal (終止形) 蹴るけるkeru
Attributive (連体形) 蹴るけるkeru
Realis (已然形) 蹴れけれkere
Imperative (命令形) 蹴よけよkeyo
Key constructions
Negative 蹴ずけずkezu
Contrasting conjunction 蹴れどけれどkeredo
Causal conjunction 蹴ればければkereba
Conditional conjunction 蹴ばけばkeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 蹴きけきkeki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 蹴けりけけりkekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 蹴つけつketu
Perfect tense (natural event) 蹴ぬけぬkenu
Perfect-continuative tense 蹴たりけたりketari
Volitional 蹴むけむkemu
  • Modern Japanese, classical conjugation:
Classical conjugation of "蹴る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 蹴らけらkera
Continuative (連用形) 蹴りけりkeri
Terminal (終止形) 蹴るけるkeru
Attributive (連体形) 蹴るけるkeru
Realis (已然形) 蹴れけれkere
Imperative (命令形) 蹴れけれkere
Key constructions
Negative 蹴らずけらずkerazu
Contrasting conjunction 蹴れどけれどkeredo
Causal conjunction 蹴ればければkereba
Conditional conjunction 蹴らばけらばkeraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 蹴りきけりきkeriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 蹴りけりけりけりkerikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 蹴りつけりつkeritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 蹴りぬけりぬkerinu
Perfect-continuative tense 蹴れり
蹴りたり		けれり
けりたり		kereri
keritari
Volitional 蹴らむけらむkeramu

Derived terms
  • 蹴(け)り (keri)
  • 蹴(け)り上(あ)げる (keriageru)
  • 蹴(け)り込(こ)む (kerikomu)
  • 蹴(け)り出(だ)す (keridasu)
  • 蹴(け)り板(いた) (keriita), 蹴(け)板(いた) (keita)
  • 蹴(け)り彫(ぼ)り (keribori)
  • 飛(と)び蹴(げ)り, 跳(と)び蹴(げ)り (tobigeri)
  • 足(あし)蹴(げ)り (ashigeri)
  • 石(いし)蹴(け)り (ishikeri)
  • 缶(かん)蹴(け)り (kankeri)
  • 二(に)枚(まい)蹴(げ)り (nimai-geri)
  • 回(まわ)し蹴(げ)り (mawashigeri)

References
  1. “蹴”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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