零れる

Japanese
Kanji in this term
零
こぼ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
溢れる
翻れる

Etymology

From classical verb 零る (koboru).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

The kanji spelling is from Chinese 零 (“to fall”), and is unrelated to 零 (rei, “zero”).

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "こぼれる"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 こぼれる こぼれ​る [kòbóréꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) こぼれろ こぼれ​ろ [kòbóréꜜrò]
Key constructions
Passive こぼれられる こぼれられ​る [kòbóréráréꜜrù]
Causative こぼれさせる こぼれさせ​る [kòbórésáséꜜrù]
Potential - - -
Volitional こぼれよう こぼれよ​ー [kòbóréyóꜜò]
Negative こぼれない こぼれ​ない [kòbóréꜜnàì]
Negative perfective こぼれなかった こぼれ​なかった [kòbóréꜜnàkàttà]
Formal こぼれます こぼれま​す [kòbórémáꜜsù]
Perfective こぼれた こぼ​れた [kòbóꜜrètà]
Conjunctive こぼれて こぼ​れて [kòbóꜜrètè]
Hypothetical conditional こぼれれば こぼれ​れば [kòbóréꜜrèbà]

Verb

零(こぼ)れる • (koboreru) intransitive ichidan (stem 零(こぼ)れ (kobore), past 零(こぼ)れた (koboreta))

Japanese verb pair
active 零す
mediopassive 零れる
  1. to spill
    • 1949, Kunio Kishida, Nyonin Katsugō [A Woman's Esteem]:
      ほら、ほら、ご飯(はん)粒(つぶ)がぼろぼろこぼれてるわよ。
      Hora, hora, gohan tsubu ga boroboro koboreteru wa yo.
      Oh look now, you’re spilling your rice.
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.
  2. to scatter
    • c. 951–953, Gosen Wakashū (book 1, poem 28)
      梅(むめ)の花(はな)折(を)ればこぼれぬ我(わ)が袖(そて)に匂(にほ)ひ香(か)移(うつ)せ家(いへ)づとにせむ
      mume no hana oreba koborenu waga sode ni nioika utsuse iezuto ni sen
      If the plum blossoms are folded, they will crumble and scatter. O fragrant scent [of the blossoms], transfer to my sleeve and let me make you a souvenir for home!
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.
  3. (of tears) to roll
    • 1908, Shūsei Tokuda, Sarazetai [The New Household]:
      目(め)からはポロポロと熱(あつ)い涙(なみだ)が零(こぼ)れた。
      Me kara wa poroporo to atsui namida ga koboreta.
      Hot tears rolled down her cheeks.
    • 1961, “Ue o Muite Arukō [I Look Up as I Walk]”, Rokusuke Ei (lyrics), Hachidai Nakamura (music), performed by Kyū Sakamoto:
      上(うえ)を向(む)いて歩(ある)こう　涙(なみだ)がこぼれないように...
      ue o muite arukō namida ga koborenai yō ni
      Let’s look up while we walk, so the tears don’t fall down.
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.
  4. to overflow
  5. to escape

Conjugation
Conjugation of "零れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 零れ こぼれ kobore
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 零れ こぼれ kobore
Shūshikei ("terminal") 零れる こぼれる koboreru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 零れる こぼれる koboreru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 零れれ こぼれれ koborere
Meireikei ("imperative") 零れよ¹
零れろ²		 こぼれよ¹
こぼれろ²		 koboreyo¹
koborero²
Key constructions
Passive 零れられる こぼれられる koborerareru
Causative 零れさせる
零れさす		 こぼれさせる
こぼれさす		 koboresaseru
koboresasu
Potential 零れられる
零れれる³		 こぼれられる
こぼれれる³		 koborerareru
koborereru³
Volitional 零れよう こぼれよう koboreyō
Negative 零れない
零れぬ
零れん		 こぼれない
こぼれぬ
こぼれん		 koborenai
koborenu
koboren
Negative continuative 零れず こぼれず koborezu
Formal 零れます こぼれます koboremasu
Perfective 零れた こぼれた koboreta
Conjunctive 零れて こぼれて koborete
Hypothetical conditional 零れれば こぼれれば koborereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.

Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 零(こぼ)れ梅(うめ) (koboreume)
  • 零(こぼ)れ落(お)ちる (koboreochiru)
  • 零(こぼ)れ幸(ざいわ)い (koborezaiwai)
  • 零(こぼ)れ桜(ざくら) (koborezakura)
  • 零(こぼ)れ種(だね) (koboredane)
  • 零(こぼ)れ球(だま) (koboredama)
  • 零(こぼ)れ刃(ば) (koboreba)
  • 零(こぼ)れ話(ばなし) (koborebanashi)
  • 零(こぼ)れ松(まつ)葉(ば) (kobore matsuba)
  • 零(こぼ)れ物(もの) (koboremono)
  • 落(お)ち零(こぼ)れ (ochikobore)
  • 咲(さ)き零(こぼ)れる (sakikoboreru)
  • 巣(す)零(こぼ)れ (sukobore)
  • 煮(に)零(こぼ)れる (nikoboreru)
  • 匂(にお)い零(こぼ)れる (nioikoboreru)
  • 乗(の)り零(こぼ)れる (norikoboreru)
  • 吹(ふ)き零(こぼ)れる (fukikoboreru)
  • 矢(や)零(こぼ)れ (yakobore)

References
  1. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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