飛び越える

Japanese

Kanji in this term
飛 越
と
Grade: 4
こ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Etymology

/tobikoju/ → (grammatical shift) /tobikojeru/ → /tobikoeru/

From Old Japanese.

Compound of 飛び (tobi, “jumping”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 飛ぶ (tobu, “to jump; to fly”)) +‎ 超ゆ (koyu, “to go across”, earlier form of modern 超える (koeru, “to go acoss”)).[1]

The 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) verb koyu changed to the modern koeru via regular historical processes during roughly the Muromachi period.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) とびこえ​る [tòbíkóéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])[2]
  • IPA(key): [to̞bʲiko̞e̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "飛び越える"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
飛び越える とびこえ​る [tòbíkóéꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 飛び越えよ とびこえ​よ [tòbíkóéꜜyò]
Key constructions
Passive 飛び越えられる とびこえられ​る [tòbíkóéráréꜜrù]
Causative 飛び越えさせる とびこえさせ​る [tòbíkóésáséꜜrù]
Potential 飛び越えられる とびこえられ​る [tòbíkóéráréꜜrù]
Volitional 飛び越えよう とびこえよ​ー [tòbíkóéyóꜜò]
Negative 飛び越えない とびこえ​ない [tòbíkóéꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 飛び越えなかった とびこえ​なかった [tòbíkóéꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 飛び越えます とびこえま​す [tòbíkóémáꜜsù]
Perfective 飛び越えた とびこ​えた [tòbíkóꜜètà]
Conjunctive 飛び越えて とびこ​えて [tòbíkóꜜètè]
Hypothetical conditional 飛び越えれば とびこえ​れば [tòbíkóéꜜrèbà]

Verb

飛(と)び越(こ)える • (tobikoeru) intransitive ichidan (stem 飛(と)び越(こ)え (tobikoe), past 飛(と)び越(こ)えた (tobikoeta))

  1. to jump (over)
    馬(うま)が柵(さく)を飛(と)び超(こ)えました。
    Uma ga saku o tobikoemashita.
    The horse cleared the fence.

Conjugation

See also

References

  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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