𐭪𐭫𐭲

Middle Persian

Alternative forms

  • 𐭪𐭥𐭲 (-krt /⁠-kirt, -gird⁠/), 𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩 (-krty /⁠-kirt, -gird⁠/), 𐭪𐭫𐭲𐭩 (klty /⁠-kirt, -gird⁠/) — Inscriptional Pahlavi
  • [Book Pahlavi needed] (-krt' /⁠-kirt, -gird⁠/) — Book Pahlavi
  • -𐫃𐫏𐫡𐫅 (-gyrd) — Manichaean

Etymology

From Old Persian 𐎣𐎼𐎫 (k-r-t /⁠karta⁠/, “made, done”) (compare [Term?] (/⁠duškarta⁠/, “ill-done”)),[1][2] from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kr̥tás (“done, made”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make, construct”); see کردن (kardan) for more. Compare Ancient Greek Ζαδρακάρτα (Zadrakárta, “Zadracarta”),[3] an Old Iranian borrowing.

Akin to Inscriptional Parthian -𐭊𐭓𐭕 (-krt /⁠-kirt, -gird⁠/), 𐭃𐭎𐭕𐭊𐭓𐭕 (dstkrt /⁠dastgird⁠/, “estate”), 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓𐭊𐭓𐭕 (ḥštrkrt /⁠Šahrgird⁠/, “a Sasanian fortress”), Manichaean Sogdian 𐫡𐫟𐫘𐫏𐫗𐫤𐫀𐫏𐫐𐫏𐫡𐫔 (rxsyntʾykyrδ /⁠əraxsinder-kird⁠/, “Alexandria [in Roman Egypt]”),[4] and the Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian -կերտ (-kert, literally “made, done”), դաստ-ա-կերտ (dast-a-kert, “possession, property; building, village”, literally “handmade”), ձեռ-ա-կերտ (jeṙ-a-kert, “manufacture”), Տիգրան-ա-կերտ (Tigran-a-kert, “Tigranocerta”, literally “founded by Tigran”), Խոսրով-ա-կերտ (Xosrov-a-kert, literally “founded by Khosrov”),[2] Ալաշկերտ (Alaškert), Մանազկերտ (Manazkert), Մանաւազակերտ (Manawazakert), Ancient Greek Μαντζικέρτ (Mantzikért), Turkish Malazgirt, Ancient Greek φρούριον Γιλιγέρδων (phroúrion Giligérdōn).[5]

Compare kltk'.

Suffix

𐭪𐭫𐭲 • (klt /-kirt, -gird/)

  1. (literally) made by
    1. suffix forming city names

Derived terms

  • 𐫅𐫘𐫤𐫏𐫃𐫏𐫡𐫅 (dstygyrd), [Book Pahlavi needed] (YDEkrt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dstkrt'), 𐭣𐭮𐭲𐭪𐭫𐭲 (dstklt /⁠dast(a)gird⁠/, “estate”)
  • [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlxsyndrgyrd /⁠Alaxsindargird⁠/, “Alexandria in Roman Egypt”)[4]
  • [Book Pahlavi needed] (plʾhwklt /⁠Frāxkard⁠/)
  • [Book Pahlavi needed] (plškrt' /⁠fraš(a)gird⁠/)
  • 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭪𐭥𐭲 (štrkrty /⁠Šahrgird⁠/, “Sasanian fortress”)
  • 𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭫𐭲𐭩 (yzdklty /⁠Yazdgird⁠/), 𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩 (yzdkrty /⁠Yazdgird⁠/, “Yazdegerd”, literally “made by god”)

Borrowed terms

  • → Arabic: جرد (-jird) (transliteration)
  • → Old Armenian: -կերտ (-kert)

Descendants

  • Persian: گرد (-gerd, -gard), جرد (-jerd), کرت (-kert)
    • دستجرد (dastjerd), دستگرد (dastgerd, “Dastgerd”)
    • سوسنگرد (susangerd, “Susangerd”)
    • دارابگرد (dârâbgard, “Darabgard”)
    • بروجرد (borujerd, “Boroujerd”)
    • بهرامجرد (bahrâmjerd, “Bahramjerd”)
    • ولوگرد (valugerd), ولوجرد (valujerd, “Valujerd”)
    • بشاگرد (bašâgard, “Bashagard”)
    • ملازگرد (malâzgerd, “Malazgirt”)
    • میلاجرد (milâjerd)
    • طغرلجرد (toğroljerd)
    • راهجرد (râhjerd)
    • سامانجرد (sâmânjerd)
    • بارانگرد (bârângerd)
    • بختاجرد
    • بزنجرد
    • ولازجرد (valâzjerd)
    • ولاشجرد (valâšjerd)
    • بهجرد (behjerd)
    • انجرد (anjerd)
    • ساسانجرد (sâsânjerd)
    • شاپورگرد (šâpurgerd)
    • مهرجرد (mehrjerd, “a village and fort”)
    • سیاوش گرد (siyâvaš gerd) attested in Shahnameh
    • *آزادگرد (*-âzâdgerd), attested as اَزَادْجِرْد (azādjird) in al-Istakhri's al-masalik wa al-mamalik
    • ایران گرده (irân gerda, garda?), ایران کرده (irân karda?, “Minar of Firuzabad?”, literally “made by Aryans?”) (hapax in Fars-Nama of Ibn al-Bakhi)

References

  1. http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/index3.pdf
  2. Rüdiger Schmitt (December 15, 1986), "ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language", in Encyclopaedia Iranica
  3. Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel), “Zadracarta”, in: Brill’s New Pauly, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and , Helmuth Schneider. Consulted online on 24 June 2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12214250>
  4. Places and people in Central Asia and in the Graeco-Roman Near East : a multilingual gazetteer from select Pre-Islamic sources
  5. Welt des Orients 19, 96-101, ISSN 0043-2547
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