< Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kləj

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology
  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *xryid (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *kləy (Matisoff, STEDT); *kliy (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987); *klyiy (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kləy (Chou, 1972)

This root is sometimes thought to be related with Proto-Tai *C̬.qɯjᶜ (“excrement”), whence Thai ขี้ (kîi) and Zhuang haex (Schuessler, 2007). Also note the resemblance with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəj (“dirt, filth”) (STEDT)

Noun

*kləj

  1. shit, dung, excrement

Descendants
  • Old Chinese: 屎 (*qʰijʔ, *l̥ij (B-S), *hliʔ, *hri (ZS), “shit, dung, excrement”)
    • Middle Chinese: 屎 (ɕɣiɪX, hiɪ)
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**:

→ Japanese: 屎 (し, ​shi)
Korean: 시 (屎, si)
Vietnamese: thỉ (屎)

      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: 屎 (shǐ), /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/)
      • Cantonese
        • Guangzhou: 屎 /ɕiː³⁵/
      • Wu
        • Shanghai: 屎 /sz̩³⁴/
    • Min
      • Min Nan
        • Taiwan: 屎 /sai⁵¹/ (colloquial), /su⁵¹/ (literary)
  • Kamarupan
    • "Naga"
      • Northern Naga: *CⓁ-kləy (French, 1983)
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
          • Written Tibetan: ལྕི་བ (lci ba, “dung (esp. of cow)”) (via Conrady's law + Coblin's law)
      • Tamangic: *kli¹ (Mazaudon, 1978)
    • Mahakiranti: *khli (Michaelovsky, 1991)
  • Jingpho-Asakian
    • Jingpho
      • Jingpho [Kachin]: hkyi (“excrement”)
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Northern Tangut
      • Tangut: 𘉳 (*lhjị²)
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      • Burmish
        • Old Burmese: ခ္လိယ် (hkliy, “excrement”)
          • Written Burmese: ချေး (hkye:, “excrement, faeces”) (> အချေး (a.hkye:, “excrement”))
      • Proto-Loloish: *ʔ/k(l)e² (Bradley, 1979)
        • Northern Loloish
          • Yi (Liangshan): ꑭ (xy, “excrement, faeces”) (> ꑭꒉ (xy yy, “liquid excrement”))
        • Central Loloish
          • Lisu (Southern): ꓛꓲꓽ (tʃʰì, “dung, faeces”), also ꓞꓲꓽ (tsʰɨ̀, “faeces”)
  • Karenic:

See also
  • *e(k) (“shit”)
  • *s-n(j)ik ~ s-n(j)ek (“filthy, excrement”)
  • *g-ts(j)i-t/n (“urine”)
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