< Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-ŋja

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology 1
  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ngyaɣ (Coblin, 1986); *ŋyɑ (Chou, 1972)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-ŋya (Matisoff, STEDT); *ngya (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *ŋya (LaPolla, 1987; Benedict, 1972); *ŋyɑ (Chou, 1972)
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Noun

*s-ŋja

  1. fish
Descendants
  • Old Chinese: 魚／鱼 (yú) ("fish"), 漁/䱷 ("to fish") (both: /*ŋa/ (ZS))
    (魚 in the oracle bone script)
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**:

→ Japanese: 魚 (ぎょ, ​gyo)
Korean: 어 (魚, eo)
Vietnamese: ngư (魚)

      • Modern Mandarin
      • Cantonese
      • Wu
    • Min
      • Min Nan
        • Taiwan: 魚／鱼 (yú), 漁／渔 (yú) (both: /hi²⁴/, /hu²⁴/ (colloquial), /ɡu²⁴/ (literary for 魚))
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Kaike: ngā
        • Tshangla: ŋa
        • Tawang Monpa: ȵᴀ¹³
        • Tibetan
          • Written Tibetan: ཉ (nya, “fish”)
          • Dzongkha: ཉ (nya)
          • Sherpa: ཉ (nya)
        • Eastern Bodish:
          • Kurtöp: ཉ (nya)
      • Lepcha: ᰅᰫ (ngú, “fish”)
      • Tamangic
        • Tamang (Sahu): २तारङा (²tarŋa, “fish”)
        • Eastern Tamang: 'tar ŋa
        • Western Gurung: 'ta ŋa
        • Manangba: dar² ŋa²
        • Thakali: tɔr ŋɔ
    • Newar
      • Newar (Dolakhali): ङ (ŋa, “fish”)
      • Newar (Kathmandu): ञ (nya, “fish”)
    • Mahakiranti
      • Kiranti
        • Eastern Kiranti = Rai
          • Limbu: ᤏᤠ᤺ (naː, “fish”)
          • Yamphu: ङा (ṅā, “fish”)
          • Northern Lorung: ङाः (ŋa, “fish”)
          • Athpare: ŋa sa
        • Western Kiranti
          • Dumi: ङु (ŋu, “fish”)
          • Khaling: ङो़ (ngö, “fish”)
          • Bahing: ŋa
          • Thulung: ŋoː
        • Southern Kiranti
          • Bantawa: na
          • Kulung: ŋa
          • Chamling: ngasa
  • Northeast Indian Areal Group
    • North Assam
      • Tani
        • Western Tani
          • Apatani: ŋúi
          • Nyishi: ŋu-i
          • Adi: o-ŋoː
          • Galo: ŋoi
          • Mising: ŋui
          • Nyishi: ngui
        • Deng
          • Miju: ɑ³¹ ŋɑ⁵⁵
          • Idu: ŋa
      • Kuki-Chin
        • Northern Chin
          • Siyin Chin: ngā sā
          • Thado Chin: ngâa
          • Tedim Chin: nga¹
        • Southern Plains Chin
          • Asho Chin: ngó
          • Chinbon Chin: ŋo
          • Mün Chin: nga
          • Khumi Chin: ngoo
          • Nga La: ŋa
          • Daai Chin: ŋá
        • Central Chin
          • Lai: ŋàa
          • Falam Chin: ŋâa
          • Mizo: hŋa
        • Maraic
      • "Naga" areal group
        • Central Naga
          • Ao: ³a ¹ŋuʔ
          • Lotha Naga: ¹o ²ŋo(ʔ)
          • Sangtam Naga: ngu
          • Yimchungru Naga: thü ngü
        • Angami-Pochuri
        • Zemic
          • Rongmei Naga: ŋa
      • Meithei
      • Sal
        • Bodo-Garo
          • Garo: na·- (“prefix for types of fish”)
          • Bodo (India): naʔ
          • Atong (India): na•
          • Dimasa: na
        • Northern Naga
          • Nocte Naga: ŋaʔ
          • Tangsa: ŋaʔ
          • Chang: ŋàu
          • Khiamniungan Naga: ¹ŋo̥ᴜʔ
          • Konyak Naga: nya
          • Phom: ñaʔ
          • Wancho: nya
        • Jingpho
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Qiangic
      • Ersu: ȵæ³⁵
      • Guiqiong: tʃɿ⁵³ ȵi⁵³
      • Queyu: ȵa¹³
      • Shixing: ʔu⁵⁵
  • Nungic
    • Anong: ŋuɑ⁵⁵
    • Rawang: ŋɑ³³
    • Drung: ŋɑ⁵⁵ pɿɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      • Burmish
        • Written Burmese: ငါး (nga:, “fish”)
        • Achang: ŋa³¹ ʂua³¹
        • Pela: ŋə̆ ta³¹
        • Hpon: tă ŋàh
        • Lhao Vo: ŋə̆³¹ tsɔ³¹
        • Lashi: ŋə̆³¹ tso³³
        • Marma: ŋá
        • Anyin Morofo: ŋŏ²¹ tso²¹
      • Loloish
        • Northern Loloish
          • Yi (Liangshan): ꉛ (hxe, “fish”)
          • Katso: ŋa³¹ mɛ⁴⁴
          • Nusu: ŋɑ⁵⁵
        • Central Loloish
          • Youle Jino: ŋɔ³³
          • Buyuan Jino: ŋɔ⁴⁴ tɤ³¹
          • Kucong: ŋʌ³¹
          • Lahu: ŋâ
          • Lisu: ŋuɑ⁵⁵
          • Sani: ŋɒ⁵⁵
        • Southern Loloish
          • Akha: ŋà --> ŋà sjhà
          • Enu: ŋà shà
          • Hani: ŋa³¹ de⁵⁵
          • Biyo: ŋa³¹ ɕa³¹
          • Kaduo: ŋò shɔ̀
          • Honi: ŋɔ³¹ ʃɔ³¹
          • Mpi: ŋo²
        • Southeastern Loloish
          • Azha: a³³ ŋɔ²²
          • Southern Muji: ŋa⁵⁵ mjɛ⁵⁵
          • Phola: ŋɑ³¹ zɨ̠²³
          • Hlepho Phowa: ŋa³³ ɡɯ²¹
          • Phukha: ŋaʔ³⁵
          • Phuza: ŋa³³ za³³
  • Karenic
    • S'gaw Karen: [script needed] (ȵa³¹)
  • Bai
    • Panyi Bai: ŋu⁵⁵
    • Southern Bai: ŋv³⁵
    • Central Bai: ŋv⁵⁵

Etymology 2
  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-ŋya (Matisoff, STEDT); *d‑ŋa (Matisoff, 2003)

Noun

*s-ŋja

  1. tusk; tooth
Descendants
  • Old Chinese: 牙 (yá) /*m-ɢˁ<r>a/ (B-S), /*ŋraː/ (ZS) ("tooth")
    • Middle Chinese: 牙 (ŋˠa)
      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: 牙 (yá) (yá, /ia³⁵/)
      • Cantonese
        • Guangzhou: 牙 (yá) /ŋaː²¹/
      • Wu
        • Shanghai: 牙 (yá) /ŋa²³/
    • Min
      • Min Nan
        • Taiwan: 牙 (yá) /ɡe²⁴/ (colloquial), /ɡa²⁴/ (literary)

See also
  • *s-nja-k (“flesh, meat”)
  • *r/s-ŋ(y)a (“borrow, lend”)
  • *ŋa (“I”)
  • *l/b-ŋa (“five”)
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