< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/valъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably convergence of two or more cognate terms, at least some of which reflect Proto-Balto-Slavic *wālás (o-stem) ~ *wālús (u-stem), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to revolve”). Cognate with Lithuanian võlas (“clump, rolling, large wave”), dial. Latvian vā̀ls, vâls (“descend”).

Some descendants have added/innovated (possibly in post proto-Slavic period) the meaning “barrage, wall” under the influence of akin Latin vallum, Proto-Germanic *wallą.

Noun

*vȃlъ m[1][2]

  1. roll, slump, downturn
    Synonym: *katъ
  2. (by extension) wave, billow
  3. (possibly deverbalial from *vaľati) roller, cylinder (tool/shape)
    Synonym: *vaľakъ
  4. (by extension, possibly post-Slavic) barrage, heap, dyke, embankment
    Synonym: *sъpъ

Declension

Both o- and u-stem paradigms are attested, without clarity which meaning comes from which declension type:

Declension of *vȃlъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
singular dual plural
nominative *vȃlъ *vȃla *vȃli
genitive *vȃla *valù *vãlъ
dative *vȃlu *valomà *valòmъ
accusative *vȃlъ *vȃla *vȃly
instrumental *vȃlъmь, *vȃlomь* *valomà *valý
locative *vȃlě *valù *valě̃xъ
vocative *vale *vȃla *vȃli
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Declension of *vȃlъ (u-stem, accent paradigm c)
singular dual plural
nominative *vȃlъ *vȃly *vȃlove
genitive *vȃlu *valovù *valòvъ
dative *vȃlovi *valъmà *vȃlъmъ
accusative *vȃlъ *vȃly *vȃly
instrumental *vȃlъmь *valъmà *valъmì
locative *valú *valovù *vȃlъxъ
vocative *valu *vȃly *vȃlove

Derived terms
  • *navalъ
  • *ob(ъ)valъ
  • *orzvalъ
  • *pervalъ
  • *povalъ
  • *provalъ
  • *sъvalъ
  • *zavalъ
  • *valiti (“to fall, to tumble”), *vaľati (“to roll, to scend”)
    • *valežь (“fall”)
    • *valunъ (“boulder”)
  • *valovati (“to roll over, to undulate”)
  • *valъkъ (“cylindrical, rolled up”)
  • *vьlna (“wave”)

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: валъ (valŭ)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: валъ (valŭ)
    • Bulgarian: вал (val)
    • Macedonian: вал (val)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ва̑л
      Latin script: vȃl
    • Slovene: vȃł (tonal orthography)
  • West Slavic:
  • Non-Slavic:
    • → Romanian: val (“wave”)

References
  1. Olander, Thomas (2001) “valъ valu”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (NA 127, 137; PR 137); d (RPT 99, 103)”
  2. Snoj, Marko (2016) “val”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *vȃlъ”

Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “вал”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “вал¹, вал²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 113
  • “volas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
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