< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xvoja

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *skwajāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *skwoy-eh₂, from *skwey- (“needle, prickle, thorn”).

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian skujà (“needle of a coniferous tree”), dial. skujà (“twig of a pine tree cone, fish-scale”), Latvian skuja (“needle of a fir-tree”).

Indo-European cognates include Old Irish scé (“hawthorn”), Scottish Gaelic sceathan (“thorn bush”), Breton spezad (“gooseberry”), Cornish spedhas f (“briars”), Welsh ysbyddad (“hawthorn”), Pictish *ᚄᚚᚔᚌᚐᚇ (/⁠*spijad⁠/, “thorn”) (from Proto-Celtic *skʷiyats).

Noun

*xvòja f

  1. needles or branches of a coniferous tree

Declension
Declension of *xvoja (soft a-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *xvoja *xvoji *xvoję̇
genitive *xvoję̇ *xvoju *xvojь
dative *xvoji *xvojama *xvojamъ
accusative *xvojǫ *xvoji *xvoję̇
instrumental *xvojejǫ, *xvojǫ** *xvojama *xvojami
locative *xvoji *xvoju *xvojasъ, *xvojaxъ*
vocative *xvoje *xvoji *xvoję̇
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old Ruthenian: хво́ꙗ (xvója)
      • Belarusian: хво́я (xvója)
      • Ukrainian: хво́я (xvója); фо́я (fója) (dialectal)
    • Russian: хво́я (xvója); хвоя́ (xvojá, “long moss on the tree; small brushwood”) (dialectal)
  • South Slavic:
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: хво́ја (“branch”) (dialectal)
      Latin script: hvója (“branch”) (dialectal)
    • Slovene: hȏja, hvȏja (“spruce; conifer”); hovje (“needles or branches of conifer”) (archaic)
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: chvojě (“needles or branches of conifer; conifer”)
      • Czech: chvoje (“needles or branches of conifer, brushwood”)
        • Bohemian (Chod dialect): chvůje (“needles or branches of conifer, brushwood”)
    • Polabian: χ́ǘöja (“pine tree”)
    • Polish: choja (“conifer, pine or spruce”); chwoja (“conifer, pine”) (archaic)
    • Old Slovak: chvoj
      • Slovak: chvoja (“young branches, a bunch of greens”), chvoj
    • Sorbian:
      • Upper Sorbian: khója (“pine tree”) (obsolete)
      • ⇒ Lower Sorbian: chójanka (“young pine tree; spruce”)

Further reading
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xvoja / *xvojь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 125
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “хвоя”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “хвоя”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 337
  • Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 206

References
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