久遠

See also: 久远

Chinese

		(long) time; (long) duration of time	far; distant; remote
trad. (久遠)		久	遠
simp. (久远)		久	远

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiǔyuǎn

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄩㄢˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gau² jyun⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiú-yén / kiú-yán
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiú-oán

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiǔyuǎn [Phonetic: jiúyuǎn]
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄩㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiǒuyuǎn
  - Wade–Giles: chiu³-yüan³
  - Yale: jyǒu-ywǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeouyeuan
  - Palladius: цзююань (czjujuanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gau² jyun⁵
  - Yale: gáu yúhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gau² jyn⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: geo² yun⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐu̯³⁵ jyːn¹³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiú-yén
  - Hakka Romanization System: giu` ien`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giu³ yan³
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯u³¹ i̯en³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiú-yán
  - Hakka Romanization System: giu` (r)ian`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giu³ yan³
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯u³¹ (j)i̯an³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiú-oán
  - Tâi-lô: kiú-uán
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiwoarn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uan⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: kjuwX hjwonX

Rime
Character	久	遠
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	舉有切	雲阮切
Baxter	kjuwX	hjwonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨu^X/	/ɦʉɐn^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kiu^X/	/ɦʷiɐn^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəu^X/	/ɣiuɐn^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuw^X/	/ɦuan^X/
Li Rong	/kiu^X/	/ɣiuɐn^X/
Wang Li	/kĭəu^X/	/ɣĭwɐn^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ə̯u^X/	/i̯wɐn^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiǔ	yuǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau²	jyun⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʷəʔ C.ɢʷanʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʷlɯʔ ɢʷanʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	久	遠
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiǔ	yuǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ kjuw^X ›	‹ hjwon^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ʷəʔ/	/*C.ɢʷanʔ/
English	a long time	far
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	久	遠
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	6969	16226
Phonetic component	久	袁
Rime group	之	元
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	久	遠
Old Chinese	/*kʷlɯʔ/	/*ɢʷanʔ/

Adjective

久遠

a long time ago; far back

Synonyms

久長／久长 (jiǔcháng) (literary or Hakka, Min)
延延 (yányán) (literary)
延長／延长 (yáncháng) (literary)
彌遠／弥远 (míyuǎn) (literary)
恆久／恒久 (héngjiǔ)
悠久 (yōujiǔ)
悠長／悠长 (yōucháng)
曠世／旷世 (kuàngshì) (literary)
永久 (yǒngjiǔ)
永恆／永恒 (yǒnghéng)
漫長／漫长 (màncháng)
終古／终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
長久／长久 (chángjiǔ)
長遠／长远 (chángyuǎn)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
久	遠
く Grade: 5	おん Grade: 2

Alternative forms

久遠の (kuon no): of or relating to eternity, eternal

Etymology 1

From ku (久, of long duration, longstanding, lasting a long time) + on (遠, distant (in time), far-off, remote).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くおん [kùóń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
(Tokyo) くおん [kúꜜòǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ᵝõ̞ɴ]

Noun

久(く)遠(おん) • (kuon) ^{←くをん (kuwon)^?}

eternity

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
久	遠
きゅう Grade: 5	えん Grade: 2

From kyū (久, of long duration, longstanding, lasting a long time) + en (遠, distant (in time), far-off, remote).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きゅうえん [kyùúéń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [kʲɨᵝːẽ̞ɴ]

Noun

久(きゅう)遠(えん) • (kyūen) ^{←きうゑん (kiuwen)^?}

eternity

Usage notes

kuon is more commonly used than kyūen

References

Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

References

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