閉じる
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 閉 |
| と Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
Etymology
From Old Japanese. Derived from older form 閉づ (tozu) via regular historical processes in the shift to the 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) pattern. Over time, the distinction between ぢ (dji) and じ (ji) was lost, leading to the modern spelling of とじる (tojiru).
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 閉づ entry.
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "閉じる"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
閉じる | とじる | [tòjíꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 閉じろ | とじろ | [tòjíꜜrò] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 閉じられる | とじられる | [tòjíráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 閉じさせる | とじさせる | [tòjísáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 閉じられる | とじられる | [tòjíráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 閉じよう | とじよー | [tòjíyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 閉じない | とじない | [tòjíꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 閉じなかった | とじなかった | [tòjíꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 閉じます | とじます | [tòjímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 閉じた | とじた | [tóꜜjìtà] |
| Conjunctive | 閉じて | とじて | [tóꜜjìtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 閉じれば | とじれば | [tòjíꜜrèbà] |
Verb
閉じる • (tojiru) ←とぢる (todiru)?transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem 閉じ (toji), past 閉じた (tojita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "閉じる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 閉じ | とじ | toji | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 閉じ | とじ | toji | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 閉じる | とじる | tojiru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 閉じる | とじる | tojiru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 閉じれ | とじれ | tojire | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 閉じよ¹ 閉じろ² |
とじよ¹ とじろ² |
tojiyo¹ tojiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 閉じられる | とじられる | tojirareru | |
| Causative | 閉じさせる 閉じさす |
とじさせる とじさす |
tojisaseru tojisasu | |
| Potential | 閉じられる 閉じれる³ |
とじられる とじれる³ |
tojirareru tojireru³ | |
| Volitional | 閉じよう | とじよう | tojiyō | |
| Negative | 閉じない 閉じぬ 閉じん |
とじない とじぬ とじん |
tojinai tojinu tojin | |
| Negative continuative | 閉じず | とじず | tojizu | |
| Formal | 閉じます | とじます | tojimasu | |
| Perfective | 閉じた | とじた | tojita | |
| Conjunctive | 閉じて | とじて | tojite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 閉じれば | とじれば | tojireba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
Derived terms
- 閉じ込める (tojikomeru): to confine, to imprison
- 閉じ篭もる (tojikomoru): to shut in
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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