どこ
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 何処 何所 |
⟨iduku⟩ → /id͡zuku/ → /id͡zuko/ → /idoko/ → /doko/
Shift from earlier いどこ (idoko) and いずこ (izuko), ultimately from Old Japanese-derived いずく (izuku) of the same meaning; by analogy of pronouns ここ (koko) and そこ (soko) having two morae in length, therefore the drop of the initial i-.
Pronoun
どこ • (doko)
- indefinite interrogative pronoun:
- points to unknown or unspecified locations: where..., which [noun]...
- 新宿駅はどこですか。 ― Shinjuku-eki wa doko desu ka. ― Where is Shinjuku Station?
- アメリカの首都はどこですか。 ― Amerika no shuto wa doko desu ka. ― Which city is the capital of the United States?
- どこが痛いですか。 ― doko ga itai desu ka. ― Which part of your body aches?
- points to objects belonging to an uncertain group: which [collective noun]...
- 今夜はどことどこが戦いますか。 ― Kon'ya wa doko to doko ga tatakaimasu ka. ― Which team plays which tonight?
- points to unknown or unspecified locations: where..., which [noun]...
- (added before a particle) indefinite demonstrative pronoun: anywhere, everywhere, somewhere
Usage notes
- This term is often spelled in hiragana.
Derived terms
Idioms
- どこで暮らすも一生 (doko de kurasu mo isshō)
- どこの牛の骨 (doko no ushi no hone)
- どこの馬の骨 (doko no uma no hone)
- どこ吹く風 (doko fuku kaze)
Proverbs
- どこを押せばそんな音が出る (doko o oseba sonna oto ga deru)
See also
Japanese demonstratives
| ko- “this” (close to speaker) |
so- “that” (close to listener) |
a- “that over there” (far from both) |
do- “which” (indeterminate, question) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Object | これ (kore) | それ (sore) | あれ (are) | どれ (dore) |
| これら (korera) | それら (sorera) | あれら (arera) | — | |
| Determiner | この (kono) | その (sono) | あの (ano) | どの (dono) |
| これらの (korera no) | それらの (sorera no) | あれらの (arera no) | — | |
| Kind | こんな (konna) | そんな (sonna) | あんな (anna) | どんな (donna) |
| こういう (kō iu) | そういう (sō iu) | ああいう (ā iu) | どういう (dō iu) | |
| Place | ここ (koko) | そこ (soko) | あそこ (asoko)* | どこ (doko) |
| こっから (kokkara) | そっから (sokkara) | — | どっから (dokkara) | |
| Direction / Human | こちら (kochira) | そちら (sochira) | あちら (achira) | どちら (dochira) |
| こなた (konata) | そなた (sonata) | あなた (anata) | どなた (donata) | |
| Direction | こっち (kotchi) | そっち (sotchi) | あっち (atchi) | どっち (dotchi) |
| Human | こいつ (koitsu) | そいつ (soitsu) | あいつ (aitsu) | どいつ (doitsu) |
| Manner | こう (kō) | そう (sō) | ああ (ā)** | どう (dō) |
| Degree | これくらい (kore kurai) | それくらい (sore kurai) | あれくらい (are kurai) | どれくらい (dore kurai) |
| これだけ (kore dake) | それだけ (sore dake) | あれだけ (are dake) | どれだけ (dore dake) | |
| これほど (kore hodo) | それほど (sore hodo) | あれほど (are hodo) | どれほど (dore hodo) | |
| * irregular ** regular (long vowel) | ||||
Adverb
どこ • (doko)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Etymology 2
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 所 |
First cited to a 洒落本 (sharebon) text in 1790.[2]
The suffix senses are derived from the rendaku (連濁) form of とこ (-toko), a colloquial stem indicating a circumstance, moment, place, point, and many others.[2]
Particle
どこ • (doko)
Derived terms
- どこか (doko ka)
Suffix
どこ • (-doko)
- (attached to nouns, stem forms of verbs, or stems of adjectives) expresses equivalence, worth, etc.: befitting..., deserving..., worthy of...
- (after a personal pronoun) one's family, home, or household
Etymology 3
| For pronunciation and definitions of どこ – see the following entries: 土戸, 土鼓, 奴袴 |
(The following entries are uncreated: 土戸, 土鼓, 奴袴.)
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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