ここ

See also: こご, ごご, and 🈁

Japanese

Etymology 1
Alternative spellings
此処
此所
是
爰
茲

⟨ko2ko2⟩ → /koko/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ここ or こゝ • (koko) 

  1. (deictically) this place, area, or part (near the speaker). Can be juxtaposed with a phrase with で (de) or に (ni).
    • 1985 December 20, Taeko Watanabe, “第(だい)四(よん)十(じゅう)八(はち)話(わ)　家(か)族(ぞく) Ⅰ(いち) [Chapter 48: Family I]”, in ファミリー！ [Family!], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 72:
      シアトルからＬ(こ)Ａ(こ)へは…息(むす)子(こ)を尋(たず)ねてきました…ぼくは———ジョナサン・アレンの父(ちち)親(おや)です
      Shiatoru kara koko e wa… musuko o tazunetekimashita …Boku wa ———Jonasan Aren no chichioya desu
      I came here (to LA) from Seattle… to look for my son …I am —Jonathan Allen’s father
    • 2004 August 17, CLAMP, “Chapitre(シャピトル).46(よんじゅうろく) 夢(ゆめ)の世(せ)界(かい) [Chapitre 46: Dream World]”, in ツバサ ＲＥＳＥＲＶｏｉｒ ＣＨＲｏＮｉＣＬＥ (ツバサ ＲＥＳＥＲＶｏｉｒ ＣＨＲｏＮｉＣＬＥ) [Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle], volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 91:
      ここは桜花(エドニス)国(こく)にある妖精遊園地(フェアリーパーク)
      Koko wa Edonisu-koku ni aru Fearī Pāku
      This is Fairy Park of Edonis
  2. (deictically) this organization or team (near the speaker). Can be juxtaposed with a phrase with で (de) or に (ni).
  3. (anaphorically) this place, area, or part I am talking about (only the speaker knows).
  4. (anaphorically) this organization or team I am talking about (only the speaker knows).
Usage notes
  • The hiragana spelling (ここ) is preferred to the kanji spelling (此処), which is rarely used.
See also
Japanese demonstratives
ko-
“this”
(close to speaker)		 so-
“that”
(close to listener)		 a-
“that over there”
(far from both)		 do-
“which”
(indeterminate, question)
Object これ (kore) それ (sore) あれ (are) どれ (dore)
これら (korera) それら (sorera) あれら (arera) —
Determiner この (kono) その (sono) あの (ano) どの (dono)
これらの (korera no) それらの (sorera no) あれらの (arera no) —
Kind こんな (konna) そんな (sonna) あんな (anna) どんな (donna)
こういう (kō iu) そういう (sō iu) ああいう (ā iu) どういう (dō iu)
Place ここ (koko) そこ (soko) あそこ (asoko)* どこ (doko)
こっから (kokkara) そっから (sokkara) — どっから (dokkara)
Direction / Human こちら (kochira) そちら (sochira) あちら (achira) どちら (dochira)
こなた (konata) そなた (sonata) あなた (anata) どなた (donata)
Direction こっち (kotchi) そっち (sotchi) あっち (atchi) どっち (dotchi)
Human こいつ (koitsu) そいつ (soitsu) あいつ (aitsu) どいつ (doitsu)
Manner こう (kō) そう (sō) ああ (ā)** どう (dō)
Degree これくらい (kore kurai) それくらい (sore kurai) あれくらい (are kurai) どれくらい (dore kurai)
これだけ (kore dake) それだけ (sore dake) あれだけ (are dake) どれだけ (dore dake)
これほど (kore hodo) それほど (sore hodo) あれほど (are hodo) どれほど (dore hodo)
* irregular
** regular (long vowel)
The kanji 此(こ) (ko), 其(そ) (so), 彼(あ) (a), and 何(ど) (do) can be used for determiners, but they are almost always spelled in hiragana.
Classical Japanese pronouns and demonstratives
a-/wa-
“I, we”
(first person)		 na-/-ma-
“you, ye, thou”
(second person)		 k-
“this”
(close to speaker)		 s-
“that”
(close to listener)		 a-/ka-
“that over there”
(far from both)		 i-/ta-/nani-
“who, what, where, how, when”
(interrogative)		 ono-
“oneself”
(reflexive)
Person あ (a)
あれ (are)
わ (wa)
われ (ware)
まろ (maro)		 な (na)
なれ (nare)
なんぢ (nanji)
まし (mashi)
いまし (imashi)
みまし (mimashi)
きみ (kimi)		 こ (ko)
これ (kore)		 そ (so)
それ (sore)		 あ (a)
あれ (are)
か (ka)
かれ (kare)		 た (ta)
たれ (tare)
なにがし (nanigashi)		 おの (ono)
おのれ (onore)
Thing こ (ko)
これ (kore)		 そ (so)
それ (sore)		 あ (a)
あれ (are)
か (ka)
かれ (kare)		 いづれ (izure)
なに (nani)
Location ここ (koko) そこ (soko) あしこ (ashiko)
かしこ (kashiko)		 いづく (izuku)
いづこ (izuko)
いどこ (idoko)
どこ (doko)
Direction こち (kochi)
こなた (konata)		 そち (sochi)
そなた (sonata)		 あち (achi)
あなた (anata)
かなた (kanata)		 いづち (izuchi)
いづら (izura)
いづかた (izukata)
Manner か (ka)
かく (kaku)
かくて (kakute)
かう (kō)		 さ (sa)
さて (sate)
しか (shika)		 いか (ika)
Time いつ (itsu)

Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of ここ – see the following entries.
【個個】
[noun] one by one; separately
Alternative spellings
箇箇, こゝ
【戸戸】
[noun] every house
Alternative spelling
こゝ
【呱呱】
[adverb] (onomatopoeia) representation of a baby's cry, especially the cry of a newborn baby
Alternative spellings
呱々, こゝ
(This term, ここ, is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as ここ, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ここ.)

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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