壤

See also: 壌

壤	U+58E4, 壤 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58E4

← 壣
[U+58E3]

CJK Unified Ideographs

壥 →
[U+58E5]

Translingual

Japanese	壌
Simplified	壤
Traditional	壤

Han character

壤 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 土卜口女 (GYRV), four-corner 4013₂, composition ⿰土襄)

Derived characters

𤅑

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 17

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5608

Dae Jaweon: page 482, character 13

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 501, character 11

Unihan data for U+58E4

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (襄) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
囊	*naːŋ
蠰	naːŋ, sraŋ, hnjaŋs, njaŋʔ
曩	*naːŋʔ
灢	naːŋʔ, naːŋs
儾	*naːŋs
孃	naŋ, njaŋ
瓤	naŋ, njaŋ
鑲	naŋ, njaŋ
釀	*naŋs
瓖	snaŋ, snaŋ
驤	*snaŋ
襄	*snaŋ
纕	*snaŋ
忀	*snaŋ
欀	snaŋ, njaŋs
饟	hnjaŋ, hnjaŋʔ, *hnjaŋs
攘	njaŋ, njaŋʔ, *njaŋs
禳	*njaŋ
穰	njaŋ, njaŋʔ
躟	njaŋ, njaŋʔ
瀼	*njaŋ
獽	*njaŋ
儴	*njaŋ
蘘	*njaŋ
鬤	njaŋ, rnaːŋ
勷	*njaŋ
壤	*njaŋʔ
嚷	*njaŋʔ
讓	*njaŋs
懹	*njaŋs
攮	*rnoːŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njaŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth, dirt”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).

Pronunciation 1

simp. and trad.		壤
2nd round simp.		圵

Mandarin
(Pinyin): rǎng (rang³)

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄤˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng⁶, joeng⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): jióng / lióng / jiáng

(Teochew, Peng'im): riang²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: rǎng
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄤˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: rǎng
  - Wade–Giles: jang³
  - Yale: rǎng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: raang
  - Palladius: жан (žan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐɑŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: joeng⁶, joeng⁵
  - Yale: yeuhng, yéuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: joeng⁶, joeng⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: yêng⁶, yêng⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jœːŋ²²/, /jœːŋ¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jióng
  - Tâi-lô: jióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jiorng
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng
  - Tâi-lô: lióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liorng
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /liɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiáng
  - Tâi-lô: jiáng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jiarng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziaŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziaŋ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: riang²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jiáng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziaŋ⁵²/

Middle Chinese: nyangX

Rime
Character	壤
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	如兩切
Baxter	nyangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨɐŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɐŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiɑŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵɨaŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ȵiaŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭaŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯aŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	joeng⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*naŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*njaŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	壤
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ nyang^X ›
Old Chinese	/*naŋʔ/
English	cultivated soil
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壤
Reading #	1/1
No.	13643
Phonetic component	襄
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	壤
Old Chinese	/*njaŋʔ/

Definitions

壤

(soft) soil
land; ground
earth (as opposed to heaven)
region; area
(historical) wooden stick used in an ancient game

Compounds

僻壤 (pìrǎng)
僻壤窮鄉／僻壤穷乡
判如天壤
土壤 (tǔrǎng)
土壤保持
土壤學／土壤学 (tǔrǎngxué)
土壤汙染／土壤污染 (tǔrǎng wūrǎn)
土壤沖蝕／土壤冲蚀
土壤細流／土壤细流
墳壤／坟壤
壤土 (rǎngtǔ)
壤地 (rǎngdì)
壤壤
壤子
壤父
天壤
天壤之判
天壤之別／天壤之别 (tiānrǎngzhībié)
天壤王郎
封壤
平壤 (Píngrǎng, “Pyongyang”)
息壤
接壤 (jiērǎng)
擊壤／击壤
擊壤歌／击壤歌
擊壤鼓腹／击壤鼓腹
朽壤
泉壤 (quánrǎng)
浩壤
熙熙壤壤
皋壤
穹壤
窮山僻壤／穷山僻壤
窮鄉僻壤／穷乡僻壤 (qióngxiāngpìrǎng)
糞壤／粪壤
糞壤窟室／粪壤窟室
紅壤／红壤 (hóngrǎng)
膏壤
蓋壤／盖壤
豐壤／丰壤
迥隔霄壤
遐方絕壤／遐方绝壤
霄壤
霄壤之別／霄壤之别
霄壤之殊
黃壤／黄壤
鼠壤

Pronunciation 2

simp. and trad.		壤

Mandarin
(Pinyin): ráng (rang²)

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄤˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: ráng
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ráng
  - Wade–Giles: jang²
  - Yale: ráng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rang
  - Palladius: жан (žan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐɑŋ³⁵/

Definitions

壤

Alternative form of 穰 (“plentiful harvest”)

References

“壤”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	壌
Kyūjitai	壤

Kanji

壤

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壌)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: にょう (nyō)
Kan-on: じょう (jō)
Kun: つち (tsuchi, 壤)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 壤 (MC nyangX).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅣᇰ〯 (zyǎng) (Yale: zyǎng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Recorded as Middle Korean 양 (yang) (Yale: yang) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ja̠(ː)ŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [양(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 壤 (eumhun 흙 양 (heuk yang))

Hanja form^? of 양 (“soil”).

Compounds

평양 (平壤, Pyeong'yang, “Pyongyang”)
토양 (土壤, toyang, “soil, earth”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

壤: Hán Nôm readings: nhưỡng

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