娑婆訶

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (娑婆訶)		娑	婆	訶
simp. (娑婆诃)		娑	婆	诃
alternative forms		薩婆訶／萨婆诃

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit स्वाहा (svāhā).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): sàpóhē

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄚˋ ㄆㄛˊ ㄏㄜ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: sàpóhē
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄚˋ ㄆㄛˊ ㄏㄜ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sàpóhe
  - Wade–Giles: sa⁴-pʻo²-ho¹
  - Yale: sà-pwó-hē
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sahporhe
  - Palladius: сапохэ (sapoxɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sä⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: sa ba xa

Rime
Character	娑	婆	訶
Reading #	1/2	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	並 (3)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)	戈 (95)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	素何切	薄波切	虎何切
Baxter	sa	ba	xa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑ/	/buɑ/	/hɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑ/	/buɑ/	/hɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑ/	/buɑ/	/xɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/sa/	/bwa/	/ha/
Li Rong	/sɑ/	/buɑ/	/xɑ/
Wang Li	/sɑ/	/buɑ/	/xɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑ/	/bʱuɑ/	/xɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	suō	pó	hē
Expected Cantonese Reflex	so¹	po⁴	ho¹

Interjection

娑婆訶

(Buddhism, Hinduism) svaha (said during oblation)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (娑婆訶):

→ Japanese: 薩(そ)婆(わ)訶(か) (sowaka)
→ Korean: 사바하(娑婆訶) (sabaha)
→ Vietnamese: ta bà ha (娑婆訶)

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