幽

See also: 豳 and 凼

幽	U+5E7D, 幽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E7D

← 幼
[U+5E7C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

幾 →
[U+5E7E]

Translingual

Han character

幽 (Kangxi radical 52, 幺+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 山女戈戈 (UVII), four-corner 2277₀, composition ⿻山𢆶)

Derived characters

㗀, 𢰠, 𭱒, 𪴉, 𦂣, 𧍘, 䫜, 𢇑, 𢇕, 𦇵, 𠋔, 𢉾

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 342, character 12

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9205

Dae Jaweon: page 651, character 10

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1094, character 8

Unihan data for U+5E7D

Chinese

trad.		幽
simp. ^#		幽
2nd round simp.		⿶凵又

Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯw) : phonetic 𢆶 () + semantic 山 (originally 火 in oracle bone).

Etymology

Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Mru [script needed] (iu ~ ʔiu, “dark”) (Löffler, 1966); possibly also related to Tibetan གཡོག (g.yog, “to cover”) and གཡོགས (g.yogs, “lid”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Related to 黝 (yǒu), 窅 (yǎo), 杳 (yǎo), 穾 (yào), 窔 (yào).

Allofam is probably 窈窕 (OC *qiːwʔ l'eːwʔ) (ibid.).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yōu (you¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jau¹
Northern Min (KCR): iú
Eastern Min (BUC): hiŭ
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): iu

(Teochew, Peng'im): hiun¹ / hiu¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yōu
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: you
  - Wade–Giles: yu¹
  - Yale: yōu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iou
  - Palladius: ю (ju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jau¹
  - Yale: yāu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yeo¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯⁵⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hiŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hieu⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu
  - Tâi-lô: iu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iw
  - IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hiun¹ / hiu¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiuⁿ / hiu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hĩũ³³/, /hiu³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 幽
Mandarin	Beijing	/iou⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/iou⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/iou²¹/
	Jinan	/iou²¹³/
	Qingdao	/iou²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/iou²⁴/
	Xi'an	/iou²¹/
	Xining	/iɯ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/iou³¹/
	Ürümqi	/iɤu⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/iəɯ³¹/
	Hefei	/iɯ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/iəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/iəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/iɤ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/iɤ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ʔiø³³/
	Wenzhou	/j̠au³³/
Hui	Shexian	/iu³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/iu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/iəu³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iəɯ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/iu⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/iu¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐu⁵³/
	Nanning	/jɐu⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/jɐu⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iu⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hieu⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/iu⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hĩu³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/iu²³/

Middle Chinese: 'jiw

Rime
Character	幽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	幽 (138)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於虯切
Baxter	'jiw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔiɪu/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨu/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔieu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔjiw/
Li Rong	/ʔiĕu/
Wang Li	/iəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔieu/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yōu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ](r)iw/

(Zhengzhang): /*qɯw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	幽
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yōu
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔjiw ›
Old Chinese	/*[ʔ](r)iw/
English	dark; secluded
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	幽
Reading #	1/1
No.	14620
Phonetic component	幽
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	幽
Old Chinese	/*qɯw/
Notes	甲金文從火從二幺會意火微

Definitions

幽

Compounds

下喬入幽／下乔入幽
九幽
俯遂幽眇
八幽
周幽王
尋幽／寻幽
尋幽訪勝／寻幽访胜
幽人
幽冥 (yōumíng)
幽冥地府
幽冥戒 (Yōumíng jiè)
幽厲／幽厉
幽叢／幽丛
幽咽
幽囚
幽囚受辱
幽夢影／幽梦影
幽天
幽婚
幽婉
幽嫻／幽娴
幽客
幽宮／幽宫
幽寂
幽居 (yōujū)
幽巖／幽岩
幽州 (Yōuzhōu)
幽幽 (yōuyōu)
幽庸
幽微
幽怨 (yōuyuàn)
幽思 (yōusī)
幽情 (yōuqíng)
幽憂／幽忧
幽憤／幽愤 (yōufèn)
幽房
幽敞
幽敻
幽明
幽昌 (yōuchāng)
幽明異路／幽明异路
幽明錄／幽明录
幽昧
幽暗 (yōu'àn)
幽會／幽会 (yōuhuì)
幽期 (yōuqī)
幽期密約／幽期密约
幽棲巖谷／幽栖岩谷
幽殺／幽杀
幽流
幽浮 (yōufú)
幽深 (yōushēn)
幽特貝／幽特贝
幽獨／幽独
幽眇
幽真
幽禁 (yōujìn)
幽篁
幽絕／幽绝
幽美 (yōuměi)
幽若
幽蔽
幽蘭／幽兰
幽襟
幽谷 (yōugǔ)
幽趣
幽軋／幽轧
幽途
幽遠／幽远
幽邃 (yōusuì)
幽都 (yōudū)
幽門／幽门 (yōumén)
幽閉／幽闭 (yōubì)
幽閒／幽闲
幽闥／幽闼
幽險／幽险
幽雅 (yōuyǎ)
幽靈／幽灵 (yōulíng)
幽靈人口／幽灵人口
幽靈車／幽灵车
幽靜／幽静 (yōujìng)
幽顯異途／幽显异途
幽香 (yōuxiāng)
幽魂 (yōuhún)
幽默 (yōumò)
幽默感 (yōumògǎn)
弔古尋幽／吊古寻幽
思古幽情
懷古幽情／怀古幽情
探幽窮賾／探幽穷赜
探幽索隱／探幽索隐
曲徑通幽／曲径通幽
清幽 (qīngyōu)
無幽不燭／无幽不烛
空谷幽蘭／空谷幽兰
窮幽極微／穷幽极微
考績幽明／考绩幽明
藪幽／薮幽
訪古尋幽／访古寻幽
通幽洞微
闡幽／阐幽
黑色幽默 (hēisè yōumò)
黜陟幽明

References

“幽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

幽

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
Kun: くらい (kurai, 幽い); かすか (kasuka, 幽か); かそけ (kasoke, 幽)

Compounds

幽(ゆう)顕(けん) (yūken): dark and bright; the world of dead and living
幽(ゆう)閉(へい) (yūhei): to confine
幽(ゆう)霊(れい) (yūrei): a ghost
幽(ゆう)体(たい)離(り)脱(だつ) (yūtai ridatsu): out-of-body experience

Korean

Hanja

幽 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu)

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Vietnamese

Han character

幽: Hán Nôm readings: u, ù

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