| not have | reason | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (無故) | 無 | 故 | |
| simp. (无故) | 无 | 故 | |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 無 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 武夫切 | 古暮切 |
| Baxter | mju | kuH |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/mɨo/ | /kuoH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/mio/ | /kuoH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/mio/ | /koH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/muə̆/ | /kɔH/ |
| Li Rong |
/mio/ | /koH/ |
| Wang Li |
/mĭu/ | /kuH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/mi̯u/ | /kuoH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
wú | gù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
mou4 | gu3 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 無 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
wú | gù |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ mju › | ‹ kuH › |
| Old Chinese |
/*ma/ | /*kˁa(ʔ)-s/ |
| English | not have | fact; reason |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 無 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13117 | 4228 |
| Phonetic component |
無 | 古 |
| Rime group |
魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
無 | 顧 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ma/ | /*kaːs/ |