暇

暇 U+6687, 暇
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6687
← 暆
[U+6686] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 暈 →
[U+6688]

Translingual

Han character

暇 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 日口尸水 (ARSE), four-corner 67047, composition ⿰日叚)

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 497, character 36
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14036
  • Dae Jaweon: page 865, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1527, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+6687

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 暇
2nd round simp. ⿰日下

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 暇
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (叚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
葭 *kraː
麚 *kraː
瘕 *kraː, *kraːʔ
豭 *kraː
貑 *kraː
猳 *kraː
犌 *kraː
假 *kraːʔ, *kraːs
嘏 *kraːʔ
婽 *kraːʔ
椵 *kraːʔ
叚 *kraːʔ
蝦 *qʰraː, *ɡraː
煆 *qʰraː, *qʰraːs
霞 *ɡraː
遐 *ɡraː
瑕 *ɡraː
鰕 *ɡraː
碬 *ɡraː
蕸 *ɡraː
赮 *ɡraː
鍜 *ɡraː
騢 *ɡraː
暇 *ɡraːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Any relation to 假 ("vacation")?”)

Pulleyblank (1973) suggests that it is cognate with 閒 (OC *ɡreːn, “idle, unoccupied, relaxed, etc.”).

Sagart (2023b) relates it to 夏 (OC *[ɡ]ˤraʔ) "summer" and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”).

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • hâ/hā/hēe - literary;
  • hě/hē/hê - vernacular.
    • Wu
      • (Shanghai):
        • Wugniu: 5shia
        • MiniDict: shia去
        • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 2xia
        • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕia³⁴/
Rime
Character 暇
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 胡駕切
Baxter haeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦaɨH/
Li
Rong		 /ɣaH/
Wang
Li		 /ɣaH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 xià
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 haa6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 暇
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 xià
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hæH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɡ]ˁra-s/
English leisure

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 暇
Reading # 1/1
No. 5975
Phonetic
component		 叚
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 暇
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡraːs/

Definitions

暇

  1. leisure; relaxation; free time; spare time
  2. leisurely; relaxed; carefree; idle

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

暇

  1. Alternative form of 假 (“to use; to borrow”)

References

Japanese

Kanji
暇

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. spare time
  2. rest
  3. leisure
  4. time
  5. leave of absence
  6. not busy

Readings

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
暇
ひま
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
閑

Pronunciation

Adjective

暇(ひま) • (hima) -na (adnominal 暇(ひま)な (hima na), adverbial 暇(ひま)に (hima ni))

  1. free; leisure; idle; vacant
Inflection
Inflection of 暇
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 暇だろ ひまだろ hima daro
Continuative (連用形) 暇で ひまで hima de
Terminal (終止形) 暇だ ひまだ hima da
Attributive (連体形) 暇な ひまな hima na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 暇なら ひまなら hima nara
Imperative (命令形) 暇であれ ひまであれ hima de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 暇ではない
暇じゃない		 ひまではない
ひまじゃない		 hima de wa nai
hima ja nai
Informal past 暇だった ひまだった hima datta
Informal negative past 暇ではなかった
暇じゃなかった		 ひまではなかった
ひまじゃなかった		 hima de wa nakatta
hima ja nakatta
Formal 暇です ひまです hima desu
Formal negative 暇ではありません
暇じゃありません		 ひまではありません
ひまじゃありません		 hima de wa arimasen
hima ja arimasen
Formal past 暇でした ひまでした hima deshita
Formal negative past 暇ではありませんでした
暇じゃありませんでした		 ひまではありませんでした
ひまじゃありませんでした		 hima de wa arimasen deshita
hima ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 暇で ひまで hima de
Conditional 暇なら（ば） ひまなら（ば） hima nara (ba)
Provisional 暇だったら ひまだったら hima dattara
Volitional 暇だろう ひまだろう hima darō
Adverbial 暇に ひまに hima ni
Degree 暇さ ひまさ himasa

Noun

暇(ひま) • (hima) 

  1. time, free time
  2. leisure
Derived terms

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
暇
いとま
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
遑

Pronunciation

Noun

暇(いとま) • (itoma) 

  1. leisure
  2. paid vacation
  3. divorce
  4. loss of one's job
  5. farewell

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 暇 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

暇: Hán Nôm readings: hạ, hả, há, hã, he, hẻ, hẽ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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