雁

See also: 鳫 and 䧹
雁 U+96C1, 雁
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96C1
← 雀
[U+96C0]
CJK Unified Ideographs 雂 →
[U+96C2]

Translingual

Han character

雁 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一人人土 (MOOG), four-corner 71214, composition ⿸厂倠)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1364, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41960
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1868, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4093, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+96C1

Chinese

trad. 雁/鴈
simp. 雁
alternative forms 鳫

Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ŋraːns) : phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 人 + semantic 隹.

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-n (“goose”) (tentatively reconstructed); cognate with Tibetan ངང་པ (ngang pa), Burmese ငန်း (ngan:).

Related to 鵝 (OC *ŋaːl, “domestic goose”); both 鵝 and 雁 likely reflect an earlier liquid final (Schuessler, 2007; cf. Baxter and Sagart's reconstruction). Alternatively, it may derive from 鵝 with nominalizing suffix *-n, but this Chinese-internal derivation is problematic in light of the cognates in Tibeto-Burman (Schuessler, 2007; Alves, 2015b); but see Hill (2019) also, as noted in the etymology of 鵝.

Possible relationship with Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”) has been noted by some (Mayrhofer, 1976; Alves, 2015b).

Pronunciation


Note:
  • 3nge - vernacular;
  • 2i - literary.
    • Xiang
      • (Changsha)
        • Wiktionary: ngan4 / ngai5
        • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋan⁴⁵/, /ŋai̯²¹/
    Note: ngai5 - only in 雁鵝.

Rime
Character 雁
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 刪 (69)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五晏切
Baxter ngaenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ŋˠanH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ŋᵚanH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ŋɐnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ŋaɨnH/
Li
Rong
/ŋanH/
Wang
Li
/ŋanH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ŋanH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
yàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
ngaan6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 雁
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
yàn
Middle
Chinese
‹ ngænH ›
Old
Chinese
/*C.[ŋ]ˁrar-s/
English wild goose

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 雁
Reading # 1/1
No. 14436
Phonetic
component
雁
Rime
group
元
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
鴈
Old
Chinese
/*ŋraːns/
Notes 說文廠聲

Definitions

雁

  1. wild goose (as opposed to a domesticated goose – 鵝/鹅 (é)) (Classifier: 隻/只 m c)
  2. † Synonym of 鵝/鹅 (é)
  3. † Alternative form of 贗/赝 (yàn, “fake; false”)

Synonyms

Compounds

  • 名標雁塔/名标雁塔
  • 大雁 (dàyàn)
  • 大雁塔
  • 奠雁
  • 孔雁
  • 平沙落雁
  • 指雁為羹/指雁为羹
  • 斷雁孤鴻/断雁孤鸿
  • 木雁
  • 沉魚落雁/沉鱼落雁 (chényúluòyàn)
  • 燕雁代飛/燕雁代飞
  • 白額雁/白额雁
  • 空弦落雁
  • 落雁沉魚/落雁沉鱼
  • 蠶頭雁尾/蚕头雁尾
  • 衡陽雁去/衡阳雁去
  • 豆雁
  • 雁來紅/雁来红 (yànláihóng)
  • 雁去魚來/雁去鱼来
  • 雁塔
  • 雁塔題名/雁塔题名
  • 雁奴
  • 雁字
  • 雁帛
  • 雁幣/雁币
  • 雁序
  • 雁形目
  • 雁影分飛/雁影分飞
  • 雁戶/雁户
  • 雁書/雁书
  • 雁杳魚沉/雁杳鱼沉 (yànyǎoyúchén)
  • 雁柱
  • 雁皮
  • 雁翅
  • 雁翎刀 (yànlíngdāo)
  • 雁蕩山/雁荡山 (Yàndàngshān)
  • 雁行
  • 雁行折翼
  • 雁足
  • 雁足傳書/雁足传书
  • 雁門關/雁门关 (Yànménguān)
  • 雁陣/雁阵 (yànzhèn)
  • 雁鴨科/雁鸭科
  • 雁齒/雁齿
  • 頭雁/头雁
  • 魚沉雁杳/鱼沉雁杳 (yúchényànyǎo)
  • 魚沉雁渺/鱼沉雁渺
  • 魚沉雁落/鱼沉雁落
  • 魚雁/鱼雁
  • 魚雁不絕/鱼雁不绝
  • 魚雁沉沉/鱼雁沉沉
  • 鳧雁/凫雁
  • 鴻雁/鸿雁 (hóngyàn)
  • 鴻雁傳書/鸿雁传书 (hóngyànchuánshū)
  • 鴻雁哀鳴/鸿雁哀鸣 (hóngyàn'āimíng)
  • 鴻雁河/鸿雁河 (Hóngyànhé)
  • 鵰心雁爪/雕心雁爪

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (雁):
  • → Japanese: 雁(がん) (gan)
  • → Vietnamese: nhạn (雁)

Others:

References

Japanese

Kanji

雁

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

  1. wild goose

Readings

  • Go-on: げん (gen)
  • Kan-on: がん (gan)
  • Kun: かり (kari, 雁)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
雁
がん
Jinmeiyō
on’yomi
Alternative spelling
鴈

From Middle Chinese 雁 (ngænH, “wild goose”).

Pronunciation

Noun

雁(がん) or 雁(ガン) • (gan) 

  1. wild goose
Usage notes
  • As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
雁
かり
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Said to be from the cry of a wild goose.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

雁(かり) • (kari) 

  1. wild goose
  2. cry of a wild goose
Derived terms

References

  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

雁 (eumhun 기러기 안 (gireogi an))

  1. wild goose, whose skein flies in wedge or cuneiform, in contrast with 鵝 (거위 아, geowi-a), the domestic goose that would not fly at all.

Compounds

  • 家雁 (가안, ga-an) domestic goose, literally, house goose.

See also

Vietnamese

Han character

雁: Hán Nôm readings: nhạn

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