塞

塞 U+585E, 塞
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-585E
← 塝
[U+585D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 塟 →
[U+585F]
塞 U+F96C, 塞
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F96C
← 參
[U+F96B] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 省 →
[U+F96D]

Translingual

Han character

塞 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金土 (JTCG), four-corner 30104, composition ⿱𡨄土)

Derived characters

References

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 塞
alternative forms 㩙

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 塞
Shang Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (塞) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
賽 *slɯːɡs
塞 *slɯːɡs, *slɯːɡ
簺 *slɯːɡs
僿 *hljɯɡs
寨 *zraːds, *slɯːɡ

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 工 (“two items”) + 廾 (“two hands”) – stuffing the house with items.

Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𡨄 + 土 (“soil”).

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • sāi - vernacular (“to stuff; to be jammed; stopper”);
  • sāir - “stopper”;
  • sēi - low vernacular (“to stuff”);
  • sè - literary.
Rime
Character 塞
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 德 (131)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇則切
Baxter sok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /sək̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sək̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /sək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /sək̚/
Li
Rong		 /sək̚/
Wang
Li		 /sək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /sək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 se
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 sak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 塞
Reading # 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sè
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sok ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[s]ˁək/
English stop up, block (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 塞
Reading # 2/2
No. 10961
Phonetic
component		 塞
Rime
group		 職
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 塞
Old
Chinese		 /*slɯːɡ/

Definitions

塞

  1. to stop up; to block up
  2. to stuff; to cram; to squeeze in
    將報紙塞落對鞋度 [Cantonese, trad.]
    将报纸塞落对鞋度 [Cantonese, simp.]
    zoeng1 bou3 zi2 sak1 lok6 deoi3 haai4 dou6 [Jyutping]
    to shove newspaper into a pair of shoes
  3. to be blocked; to be jammed
  4. to forbid; to suppress; to prohibit
  5. to satisfy; to fulfil
  6. to compensate; to remedy
  7. to answer; to repay
  8. to manage to arrange a position for someone
  9. to practise bribe
  10. to evade; to stall
  11. stopper; cork
  12. to be in a difficult position; destitute
  13. honest; truthful
  14. (historial) Saka people
Synonyms
  • (to stop up): 堵 (dǔ)

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character 塞
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 先代切
Baxter sojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /sʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /səiH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /sɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /səjH/
Li
Rong		 /sᴀiH/
Wang
Li		 /sɒiH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /sɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 sài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 soi3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 塞
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sài
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sojH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[s]ˁək-s/
English frontier

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 塞
Reading # 1/2
No. 10958
Phonetic
component		 塞
Rime
group		 代
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 賽
Old
Chinese		 /*slɯːɡs/

Definitions

塞

  1. (historical) place of strategic importance; pass; fortress
  2. to build fortress; to construct fortifications
  3. frontier; border
    塞翁失馬／塞翁失马  ―  sàiwēngshīmǎ  ―  The old man at the frontier losing a horse
  4. (specifically) the northern frontier of imperial China, as demarcated by the Great Wall
  5. Alternative form of 賽／赛 (sài, “to compete, contend; contest, race”)
  6. Alternative form of 簺 (sài, “an ancient gambling game”)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji
塞

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. to block
  2. to shut off
  3. to close
  4. fort; fortress

Readings

Compounds

Idioms
  • 塞(さい)翁(おう)が馬(うま) (sai ō ga uma, “The old man lost his horse”): "Good luck brings bad luck, and good luck brings bad luck"; "Luck is fickle"

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 塞 (MC sojH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 塞 (eumhun 변방(邊方) 새 (byeonbang( 邊方 ) sae))

  1. Hanja form? of 새 (“frontier; border”).
  2. Hanja form? of 새 (“fortress”).

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 塞 (MC sok).

Historical readings

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰɛk̚] ~ [sʰe̞k̚]
  • Phonetic hangul: [색/섹]

Hanja

塞 (eumhun 막을 색 (mageul saek))

  1. Hanja form? of 색 (“block”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

塞: Hán Nôm readings: tắc, tái

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