代

See also: 付 and 伐
代 U+4EE3, 代
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE3
← 仢
[U+4EE2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 令 →
[U+4EE4]
㈹ U+3239, ㈹
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REPRESENT
← ㈸
[U+3238] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈺ →
[U+323A]

Translingual
Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character

代 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈心 (OIP), four-corner 23240, composition ⿰亻弋)

Derived characters

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 386
  • Dae Jaweon: page 197, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 113, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4EE3

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 代

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 代
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script

s05796

Transcribed ancient scripts

L36109

L36110

L36111

L36112

L36113

L20896

L20897

L20898

L20899

L20900

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (弋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
戴 *ʔl'ɯːɡs
襶 *tɯːɡs
貸 *l̥ʰɯːɡs
代 *l'ɯːɡs
袋 *l'ɯːɡs
岱 *l'ɯːɡs
黛 *l'ɯːɡs
玳 *l'ɯːɡs
帒 *l'ɯːɡs
甙 *l'ɯːɡs
酨 *l'ɯːs, *zlɯːs
試 *hljɯɡs
弒 *hljɯɡs
忒 *l̥ʰɯːɡ
貣 *l̥ʰɯːɡ, *l'ɯːɡ
鴏 *l'ɯːɡ
栻 *l̥ʰɯɡ, *hljɯɡ
侙 *l̥ʰɯɡ
恜 *l̥ʰɯɡ
式 *hljɯɡ
軾 *hljɯɡ
拭 *hljɯɡ
鉽 *hljɯɡ
烒 *hljɯɡ
弋 *lɯɡ
芅 *lɯɡ
黓 *lɯɡ
隿 *lɯɡ
杙 *lɯɡ
釴 *lɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ)

Etymology 1
state's name → toponym
This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Is 代 (OC *lˤək-s) related to 狄 (OC *lˤek, “northern barbarians”), the Spring and Autumn state's founders?”

Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname 戴 (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • dô̤i - vernacular;
  • dâi - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 代
Mandarin Beijing /tai⁵¹/
Harbin /tai⁵³/
Tianjin /tai⁵³/
Jinan /tɛ²¹/
Qingdao /tɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /tai³¹²/
Xi'an /tai⁴⁴/
Xining /tɛ²¹³/
Yinchuan /tɛ¹³/
Lanzhou /tɛ¹³/
Ürümqi /tai²¹³/
Wuhan /tai³⁵/
Chengdu /tai¹³/
Guiyang /tai²¹³/
Kunming /tæ²¹²/
Nanjing /tae⁴⁴/
Hefei /te̞⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /tai⁴⁵/
Pingyao /tæ³⁵/
Hohhot /tɛ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /de²³/
Suzhou /de̞³¹/
Hangzhou /de̞¹³/
Wenzhou /de²²/
Hui Shexian /tʰɛ²²/
Tunxi /tə¹¹/
/ta⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /tai⁵⁵/
/tai¹¹/
Xiangtan /tai⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /tʰai²¹/
Hakka Meixian /tʰoi⁵³/
Taoyuan /tʰoi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /tɔi²²/
Nanning /tɔi²²/
Hong Kong /tɔi²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tai²²/
/te²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tɔy²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /to⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /tʰoi²¹³/
/to³¹/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdai³⁵/
/ʔdai³³/
/ʔde²³/
Rime
Character 代
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 徒耐切
Baxter dojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /dʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /dəiH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /dɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /dəjH/
Li
Rong		 /dᴀiH/
Wang
Li		 /dɒiH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /dʱɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 dài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 doi6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 代
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 dài
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dojH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*lˁək-s/
English replace

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 代
Reading # 1/1
No. 14963
Phonetic
component		 弋
Rime
group		 代
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 代
Old
Chinese		 /*l'ɯːɡs/

Definitions

代

  1. to replace; to take the place of
  2. to act for; to do something on behalf of
  3. to act as; to be the acting (president etc.)
  4. generation; age group
  5. historical period; era
  6. date; age
  7. dynasty; line of rulers
  8. (geology) era (geochronologic unit)
  9. (grammar) Short for 代名詞／代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞／代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”).
  10. (historical geography) Short for 代國／代国 (Dàiguó, “state of Dai”).
  11. a surname
Synonyms
  • (generation): 世 (shì)

Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (代):
  • → Japanese: 代(だい) (dai)
  • → Korean: 대(代) (dae)
  • → Vietnamese: đại (代)

Others:

Etymology 2

From 事 (OC *zrɯs).

Pronunciation

Definitions

代

  1. (Southern Min) affair; matter

Compounds

Etymology 3
For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see 戴 (“to wear something on the head; to carry on the head; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 戴).
Notes:

References

Japanese

Kanji
代

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Derived terms

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
代
しろ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) しろ​ [shìróꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ɕiɾo̞]

Noun

代(しろ) • (shiro) 

  1. (archaic) substitution
  2. (archaic) price, cost, charge
  3. (historical) shiro, a unit of land

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
代
よ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see the following entry.
【世よ】3
[noun] world, society
[noun] this world, this life
[noun] (archaic) generation, age, era
[noun] lifetime
[noun] lifespan
[noun] time of year, season
[noun] relationship between a man and a woman
[noun] period of a person leading as a patriarch (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
(This term, 代, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
代
だい
Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

Pronunciation

Noun

代(だい) • (dai) 

  1. price
  2. generation of a family
  3. reign of a royal
  4. decade
  5. era

Counter

代(だい) • (-dai) 

  1. generation of a royal family
  2. era, age, decade

Suffix

代(だい) • (-dai) 

  1. charge, fare, rate, fee, price, rent
    服(ふく)代(だい)
    fuku-dai
    money spent on clothes; clothes money
    お菓子(かし)代(だい)
    o-kashi-dai
    snack money; snack fee
  2. (indicating years spanning a specific period) -ies, -hundreds
Alternative forms
  • (period of time): 台

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tɛ(ː)] ~ [te̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [대(ː)/데(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 代 (eumhun 대신할 대 (daesinhal dae))
代 (eumhun 세대 대 (sedae dae))

  1. Hanja form? of 대 (“to replace”). [prefix; affix]
  2. Hanja form? of 대 (“generation”). [noun; suffix; affix]

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

代: Hán Việt readings: đại (度(đạc)耐(nại)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
代: Nôm readings: đời[1][2][3][4][5], đãi[1][2][3], đại[1][2][5], dạy[1][2], dậy[1][2], rượi[3][4], đười[1], đợi[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of đại (“representative”).
  2. Nôm form of đời (“life; world; generation; era”).

Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
  5. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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