暴徒

Chinese

		sudden; violent; cruel sudden; violent; cruel; to show or expose; to injure	apprentice; disciple
simp. and trad. (暴徒)		暴	徒

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bàotú

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˋ ㄊㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bou⁶ tou⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phau-thù
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): po̍k-tô͘ / pō-tô͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): bao⁶ tu⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bàotú
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˋ ㄊㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bàotú
  - Wade–Giles: pao⁴-tʻu²
  - Yale: bàu-tú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bawtwu
  - Palladius: баоту (baotu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bou⁶ tou⁴
  - Yale: bouh tòuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bou⁶ tou⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: bou⁶ tou⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pou̯²² tʰou̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phau-thù
  - Hakka Romanization System: pau tuˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pau⁴ tu²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰau̯⁵⁵ tʰu¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: po̍k-tô͘
  - Tâi-lô: po̍k-tôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pogdoo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /pɔk̚⁴⁻³² tɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /pɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tɔ¹³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔk̚²⁴⁻² tɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pō-tô͘
  - Tâi-lô: pō-tôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: poixdoo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /po²²⁻²¹ tɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /po²²⁻²¹ tɔ¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bao⁶ tu⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pău thû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pau³⁵⁻¹¹ tʰu⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: bawH du

Rime
Character	暴	徒
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	薄報切	同都切
Baxter	bawH	du
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bɑu^H/	/duo/
Pan Wuyun	/bɑu^H/	/duo/
Shao Rongfen	/bɑu^H/	/do/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/baw^H/	/dɔ/
Li Rong	/bɑu^H/	/do/
Wang Li	/bɑu^H/	/du/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱɑu^H/	/dʱuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bào	tú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bou⁶	tou⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]ˤawk-s [d]ˤa/

(Zhengzhang): /*boːwɢs l'aː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	暴	徒
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bào	tú
Middle Chinese	‹ baw^H ›	‹ du ›
Old Chinese	/*[b]ˁawk-s/	/*[d]ˁa/
English	violent	go on foot
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	暴	徒
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	330	12494
Phonetic component	暴	徒
Rime group	貌	魚
Rime subdivision	3	0
Corresponding MC rime	暴	徒
Old Chinese	/*boːwɢs/	/*l'aː/

Noun

暴徒

(countable) thug; mob; rioter (Classifier: 名)
黑衣暴徒 ― hēi yī bàotú ― black-clothed thugs (specifically in 2019 Hong Kong protests)

沒有暴徒，只有暴政 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
没有暴徒，只有暴政 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
mut⁶ jau⁵ bou⁶ tou⁴, zi² jau⁵ bou⁶ zing³ [Jyutping]
There are no rioters, only tyranny (slogan in 2019 Hong Kong protests)
- 但段政府就有令，說她們是「暴徒」！但接著就有流言，說她們是受人利用的。 [MSC, trad.]
  但段政府就有令，说她们是「暴徒」！但接着就有流言，说她们是受人利用的。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1926 April 12, Lu Xun, 《記念劉和珍君》
  Dàn Duàn zhèngfǔ jiù yǒu lìng, shuō tāmen shì “bàotú”! Dàn jiēzhe jiù yǒu liúyán, shuō tāmen shì shòu rén lìyòng de. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

兇徒／凶徒 (xiōngtú)
狂徒 (kuángtú) (literary)

Related terms

歹徒 (dǎitú)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (暴徒):

→ Japanese: 暴(ぼう)徒(と) (bōto)
→ Korean: 폭도(暴徒) (pokdo)
→ Vietnamese: bạo đồ (暴徒)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
暴	徒
ぼう Grade: 5	と Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ぼーと [bóꜜòtò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [bo̞ːto̞]

Noun

暴(ぼう)徒(と) • (bōto)

mob
デモ隊(たい)が暴(ぼう)徒(と)化(か)した。
Demotai ga bōtoka shita.
The protesters became violent.

References

Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
暴	徒

Noun

暴徒 • (pokdo) (hangeul 폭도)

Hanja form^? of 폭도 (“mob, rioter”).

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