化

化 U+5316, 化
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5316
← 匕
[U+5315] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 北 →
[U+5317]

Translingual
Stroke order
4 strokes

Han character

化 (Kangxi radical 21, 匕+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人心 (OP), four-corner 24210, composition ⿰亻𠤎(GV) or ⿰亻匕(HTJK))

Derived characters

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 152, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 109, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5316

Chinese
trad. 化
simp. # 化
alternative forms 㐶

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 化
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訛 *ŋʷaːl
吪 *ŋʷaːl
鈋 *ŋʷaːl
囮 *lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤 *ŋʷaːl
靴 *hʷa
貨 *hŋʷaːls
花 *hʷraː
化 *hŋʷraːls
杹 *hŋʷraːls
匕 *pilʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) of two 人 (“person”), one upright (亻) and one upside down (𠤎) — reversal; change. Shuowen also considers 𠤎 to be a phonetic component.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • hòa - literary;
  • hòe - vernacular;
  • òa - to cause to ferment.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 化
Mandarin Beijing /xua⁵¹/
Harbin /xua⁵³/
Tianjin /xuɑ⁵³/
Jinan /xua²¹/
Qingdao /xua⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xua³¹²/
Xi'an /xua⁴⁴/
Xining /xua²¹³/
Yinchuan /xua¹³/
Lanzhou /xua¹³/
Ürümqi /xua²¹³/
Wuhan /xua³⁵/
Chengdu /xua¹³/
Guiyang /xua²¹³/
Kunming /xua̠²¹²/
Nanjing /xuɑ⁴⁴/
Hefei /xua⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xua⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xuɑ³⁵/
Hohhot /xua⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ho³⁵/
/hua³⁵/
Suzhou /ho⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /huɑ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /ho⁴²/
Hui Shexian /xua³²⁴/
Tunxi /xuːə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /fa⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /xuɒ⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /fɑ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fa⁵³/
Taoyuan /fɑ⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fa³³/
Nanning /fa³³/
Hong Kong /fa³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hua²¹/
/hue²¹/
/ua²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huɑ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xua³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /hue²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hua³⁵/
/hue³⁵/
Rime
Character 化
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 呼霸切
Baxter xwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /hˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /hʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /xuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /hwaɨH/
Li
Rong		 /xuaH/
Wang
Li		 /xwaH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /xwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 huà
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 faa3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 化
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 huà
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ xwæH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
English transform

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 化
Reading # 1/1
No. 5327
Phonetic
component		 化
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 化
Old
Chinese		 /*hŋʷraːls/

Definitions

化

  1. to change; to transform
  2. to become; to turn into
  3. † to die
  4. to melt
    把雪化掉  ―  bǎ xuě huàdiào  ―  make snow melt
  5. to dissolve
  6. Suffix denoting "change into ...". Akin to English -ize and -ization.
    民主化  ―  mínzhǔhuà  ―  democratize
  7. (chemistry) Affix denoting combination.
    氧化鈣／氧化钙  ―  yǎnghuàgài  ―  calcium oxide
    氫氧化鈉／氢氧化钠  ―  qīngyǎnghuànà  ―  sodium hydroxide
  8. Short for 教化 (jiàohuà, “enlightenment; cultivation”).
  9. (in compounds) Short for 化學／化学 (huàxué, “chemistry”).
    日化  ―  rìhuà  ―  household chemicals
    化工  ―  huàgōng  ―  chemical industry
  10. to burn (clarification of this definition is needed)
    化寶／化宝  ―  huàbǎo  ―  to burn offerings
  11. (Cantonese) open-minded; enlightened
    睇化 [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 faa3 [Jyutping]  ―  to see things in an open-minded manner
    教極都唔化／教极都唔化 [Cantonese]  ―  gaau3 gik6 dou1 m4 faa3 [Jyutping]  ―  to teach someone repeatedly but still does not become enlightened

Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (化):
  • → Japanese: 化(け) (ke); 化(か) (ka)
  • → Korean: 화(化) (hwa)
  • → Vietnamese: hoá (化)

Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 化 – see 花 (“flower; blossom; florid; flowery; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 花).

Compounds

Etymology 3
For pronunciation and definitions of 化 – see 貨 (“money and goods; property; goods; commodities; products; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 貨).

Japanese

Kanji
化

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology
Kanji in this term
化
か
Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 化 (MC xwaeH).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ka̠]

Affix

化(か) • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

  1. to change; to take the form of
  2. to influence

Suffix

化(か) • (-ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

  1. -ization, -ification; action of making something that way

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 化 (MC xwaeH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448황〮 (Yale: hwá)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527도욀 (Yale: twòwòyl)화〯 (Yale: hwǎ)

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [화(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 化 (eumhun 될 화 (doel hwa))

  1. Hanja form? of 화 (“to be; to become”). [affix]
  2. Hanja form? of 화 (“-ization; -ification”). [suffix]

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese
chữ Hán Nôm in this term
化

Han character

化: Hán Việt readings: hóa/hoá[1][2][3], góa/goá[1]
化: Nôm readings: Huế[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of hoá (“to transform; to change into; to become”).
  2. Nôm form of Huế (“Huế City”).

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
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