木乃伊

Chinese
FWOTD – 27 April 2014
phonetic
simp. and trad.
(木乃伊)		 木 乃 伊

Etymology

From an unidentified western language, presumably from some language in the Islamosphere. Compare Persian مومیایی (mômiyâyi, mumiyâyi, “mummy; shilajit”) and مومنایی (mumenâyi, “shilajit”). A Western traveller (Engelbert Kaempfer) also encountered the latter in Persia in the 1680s.[1] Earliest attestation was in Ming Dynasty, see the following quote:

回回田地有年七八十歲老人，自願捨身濟眾者，絕不飲食，惟澡身啖蜜，經月，便溺皆蜜。既死，國人殮以石棺，仍滿用蜜浸，鐫志歲月於棺蓋，瘞之。俟百年啟封，則蜜劑也……俗曰蜜人，番言木乃伊。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
回回田地有年七八十岁老人，自愿舍身济众者，绝不饮食，惟澡身啖蜜，经月，便溺皆蜜。既死，国人殓以石棺，仍满用蜜浸，镌志岁月于棺盖，瘗之。俟百年启封，则蜜剂也……俗曰蜜人，番言木乃伊。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: 明‧陶宗儀《輟耕錄‧木乃伊》 (Tao Zongyi (Ming Dynasty), "Chuogenglu - Record after retiring from plowing", Chapter "Mummies")
Huíhuí tiándì yǒu nián qī bāshí suì lǎorén, zìyuàn shěshēn jìzhòng zhě, jué bù yǐnshí, wéi zǎo shēn dàn mì, jīng yuè, biàn nì jiē mì. Jì sǐ, guórén liàn yǐ shíguān, réng mǎn yòng mì jìn, juānzhì suìyuè yú guāngài, yì zhī. Sì bǎi nián qǐfēng, zé mì jì yě...... Sú yuē mìrén, fān yán mùnǎiyī. [Pinyin]
There were men 70 to 80 years of age in Arabia (?) willing to give their bodies to save others. They never ate or drink, only bathed and partook of honey. After a month, their excrement (urine and faeces) consisted of honey only. After they died, their fellow men would place them in stone coffins full of honey in which they macerated. The year and month of deaths were engraved on the coffins and the coffins were buried. After a hundred years the coffins were reopened - a confection of honey had formed. Colloquially people called these "mellified men", in their native tongue "munaiyi".

See also "Mellified men" on Wikipedia. Other transliterations include:

all of which might have referred to Shilajit (地蠟／地蜡 (dìlà)) originally.

Pronunciation

Noun

木乃伊

  1. mummy (embalmed corpse)

References
  1. Sir William Ouseley (1821), Travels in Various Countries of the East; More Particularly Persia. Rodley and Martin, Vol. 2, p. 478 Google Books

Japanese
木乃伊 (mīra): a mummy on display at the Louvre.
Kanji in this term
木 乃 伊
みいら
Grade: 1 Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Portuguese mirra (“myrrh, skeleton, mummy”)[1][2][3][4] or Dutch mirre (“myrrh”).[1]

The kanji spelling 木乃伊 is an example of jukujikun. This spelling was borrowed from Chinese 木乃伊 (mùnǎiyī, “mummy”).[1][4][2][5] Some Japanese sources[1][4][2][5] suggest that the Chinese term was a transliteration of Dutch mummie (with some stated concern that this derivation is doubtful[5]), but it appears that the Dutch and Chinese terms are not directly related, though they may be cognates. See the Chinese entry for more.

Pronunciation

Noun

木乃伊(みいら) or 木乃伊(ミイラ) • (mīra) 

  1. a mummy, deliberately preserved, such as those found in the ancient tombs of Egypt or China
  2. a human or animal corpse mummified naturally, such as in a peat bog or desert

Derived terms

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  4. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  7. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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