流

流 U+6D41, 流
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D41
← 浀
[U+6D40] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 浂 →
[U+6D42]
流 U+F9CA, 流
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9CA
← 柳
[U+F9C9] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 溜 →
[U+F9CB]

流 U+FA97, 流
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA97
← 殺
[U+FA96] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 滛 →
[U+FA98]
流 U+2F902, 流
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F902
← 海
[U+2F901] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 浩 →
[U+2F903]

Translingual
Stroke order
Mainland China, Japan and Korea
Stroke order
Taiwan

Alternative forms
  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing character form), Japanese kanji, Korean hanja and Vietnamese Nôm, the upper right component 𠫓 is written ⿱亠厶 (4 strokes) while the bottom right stroke is written 乚 with an ending hook which is the historical form found in the Kangxi Dictionary.
  • In Taiwan and Hong Kong (based on Big5 character form), the upper right component 𠫓 is written ⿻一厶 (3 strokes) while the bottom right stroke is written ㇄ without the ending hook.
  • Three CJK compatibility ideographs exist for this character:
    • U+F9CA corresponds to a duplicate character found in South Korea's KS X 1001 character set.
    • U+FA97 corresponds to an alternative form used in North Korea which is similar to the character used in Taiwan/Hong Kong.
    • U+2F902 corresponds to an alternative form used in Taiwan which is similar to the character used in mainland China/Japan/Korea but the bottom right stroke is written ㇄ without the ending hook.

Han character

流 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7, 9 strokes in traditional Chinese, 10 strokes in mainland China and Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 水卜戈山 (EYIU), four-corner 34113, composition ⿰氵㐬(GJKV or U+F9CA or U+2F902) or ⿰氵⿱𠫓⿲丿丨㇄(HT or U+FA97))

Derived characters
  • 𠺩, 𭱛, 𣹭, 蓅, 𥧕, 𥰤, 𡏬, 𭒐, 𬈰, 瑬, 𮋠, 鎏, 𪃂, 𩙣

Descendants

References

Chinese
trad. 流
simp. # 流
alternative forms
 
汖
㳅
𡵰
𣳛
𭰈
汖
㳅
𡵰
𣳛
𭰈
𣴑
𣹭
𣹳
𣻤
⿰氵巟
⿰氵𡿮
⿰𣴑水
⿲水𡿮水
⿲氺⿱一𠫝水
⿰氵⿱厶⿲丿丨㇏

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (流) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
流 *ru
硫 *ru
琉 *ru
旒 *ru
瑬 *ru
裗 *ru

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ru) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 㐬 ().

Etymology

Cognate with Tibetan རྒྱུ་ (rgyu, “to move, to go, to wander”) (Hill, 2019).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • lâu - vernacular;
  • liǔ - literary.
Rime
Character 流
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力求切
Baxter ljuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /lɨu/
Pan
Wuyun		 /liu/
Shao
Rongfen		 /liəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /luw/
Li
Rong		 /liu/
Wang
Li		 /lĭəu/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /li̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 liú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 lau4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 流
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 liú
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ljuw ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ru/
English flow (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 流
Reading # 1/1
No. 8335
Phonetic
component		 流
Rime
group		 幽
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 劉
Old
Chinese		 /*ru/
Notes 或爲毓省聲

Definitions

流

  1. to flow
    流汗  ―  liúhàn  ―  to sweat
    流淚／流泪  ―  liúlèi  ―  to cry; to let tears flow
    流血  ―  liúxuè  ―  to bleed
  2. to drift; to wander
    流連／流连  ―  liúlián  ―  to linger; to be reluctant to leave
  3. class; grade
    一流  ―  yīliú  ―  first class; top grade
  4. (of water, electricity, other fluids) current; flow; stream
    氣流／气流  ―  qìliú  ―  airflow
    電流／电流  ―  diànliú  ―  electric current
  5. to spread; to scatter; to disseminate
    Synonyms: 留傳／留传 (liúchuán), 散佈／散布 (sànbù)
    流言  ―  liúyán  ―  rumors; gossip
    流芳  ―  liúfāng  ―  to leave a good reputation
  6. (physics) Short for 流明 (liúmíng, “lumen”).
  7. (mathematics) flow
  8. (computing) stream
  9. (Cantonese, Hakka) of poor quality
    流嘢 [Cantonese]  ―  lau4 je5 [Jyutping]  ―  poor-quality goods
  10. (Cantonese) fake; ingenuine
    Antonym: 堅／坚 (gin1) (Cantonese)
    流料 [Cantonese]  ―  lau4 liu6-2 [Jyutping]  ―  false information; fake news

Compounds

Japanese
Shinjitai 流
Kyūjitai
[1][2][3]
流󠄂
流+&#xE0102;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji
流

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 流 (MC ljuw).

Pronunciation

Noun

流(りゅう) • (ryū) ←りう (riu)?

  1. the flow of water or something like water
  2. art forms, methods, styles, and techniques peculiar to a person or house

Affix

流(りゅう) • (ryū) ←りう (riu)?

  1. current, flow, stream, waterflow
  2. flowing, washing
  3. spread

Derived terms
Derived terms

References
  1. 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “流”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎ (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
  2. Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1273 (paper), page 687 (digital)
  3. Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 752 (paper), page 389 (digital)
  4. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 流 (MC ljuw). Recorded as Middle Korean 류 (lyu) (Yale: lyu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource 流 (eumhun 흐를 류 (heureul ryu), South Korea 흐를 유 (heureul yu))

  1. Hanja form? of 류/유 (“flow”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

流: Hán Việt readings: lưu[1][2][3]
流: Nôm readings: lưu[1][2]

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
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