美德

See also: 美徳

Chinese

		beautiful; beauty; America	Germany; virtue; goodness Germany; virtue; goodness; morality; ethics; kindness; favour; character; kind
trad. (美德)		美	德
simp. ^#(美德)		美	德

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): měidé

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄟˇ ㄉㄜˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mei⁵ dak¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mî-tet
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bí-tiak / bí-tek

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: měidé
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄟˇ ㄉㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: měidé
  - Wade–Giles: mei³-tê²
  - Yale: měi-dé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meeider
  - Palladius: мэйдэ (mɛjdɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: mei⁵ dak¹
  - Yale: méih dāk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mei⁵ dak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: méi⁵ deg¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mei̯¹³ tɐk̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mî-tet
  - Hakka Romanization System: mi´ ded`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mi¹ ded⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /mi²⁴ tet̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bí-tiak
  - Tâi-lô: bí-tiak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: by'diag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bí-tek
  - Tâi-lô: bí-tik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: by'deg
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

Middle Chinese: mijX tok

Rime
Character	美	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	脂 (17)	登 (131)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	無鄙切	多則切
Baxter	mijX	tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠiɪ^X/	/tək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚi^X/	/tək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/miɪ^X/	/tək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mji^X/	/tək̚/
Li Rong	/mji^X/	/tək̚/
Wang Li	/mi^X/	/tək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi^X/	/tək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mǐ	de
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mei⁵	dak¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[m]rəjʔ tˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*mriʔ tɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	美	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	měi	dé
Middle Chinese	‹ mij^X ›	‹ tok ›
Old Chinese	/*[m]rəjʔ/	/*tˁək/
English	beautiful	virtue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	美	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8951	17266
Phonetic component	美	直
Rime group	脂	職
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	美	德
Old Chinese	/*mriʔ/	/*tɯːɡ/
Notes	甲文象大人首插翎羽表美觀，取陳獨秀說

Noun

美德

virtue (behaviour of a high moral standard); noble attribute
孝順是中華民族的傳統美德。 [MSC, trad.]
孝顺是中华民族的传统美德。 [MSC, simp.]
Xiàoshùn shì zhōnghuámínzú de chuántǒng měidé. [Pinyin]
Filial piety is a traditional virtue of the Chinese people.
- 美德之光能盈滿每個靈魂。 [MSC, trad.]
  美德之光能盈满每个灵魂。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2004, 八尾半 (“Eight-and-a-Half-Tails”), in 《神河群英录》 (Chronicles of the Champions of Kamigawa), Wizards of the Coast
  Měidé zhī guāng néng yíngmǎn měi ge línghún. [Pinyin]
  Virtue is an inner light that can prevail in every soul.

Synonyms

(literary) 俊德 (jùndé)

Antonyms

(rare) 惡德／恶德 (èdé)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (美德):

→ Japanese: 美(び)徳(とく) (bitoku)
→ Korean: 미덕(美德) (mideok)

Korean

Hanja in this term
美	德

Noun

美德 • (mideok) (hangeul 미덕)

Hanja form^? of 미덕 (“virtue”).

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