凹

凹 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 尸尸山 (SSU), four-corner 7777₀, composition ⿶凵⿰㇅⿱一丨)

• 垇 㾎 兕 𠚆 𠱃 𪵲 𧰽 𧱃 𤉡 𩡿

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1810
• Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 308, character 3
• Unihan data for U+51F9

Pictogram (象形) .

凹

1. concave; hollow; sunken; dented

   凹透鏡／凹透镜  ―  āotòujìng  ―  concave lens

   凹頭／凹头 [Cantonese]  ―  aau³ tau^4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  Au Tau (a place in Yuen Long District, Hong Kong)

2. to cave in; to be sunken; to dent; to be concave

   床中間凹下去。／床中间凹下去。  ―  Chuáng zhōngjiān āo xià qù.  ―  The bed sunk in the middle.

   中間凹咗落去 [Cantonese, trad.]
   中间凹咗落去 [Cantonese, simp.]

   zung¹ gaan¹ nap¹ zo² lok⁶ heoi³ [Jyutping]

   has a dent in the middle

3. indentation; depression

   山凹  ―  shān'āo  ―  mountain cave

   酒凹 [Cantonese]  ―  zau² nap¹ [Jyutping]  ―  dimple

   彼條路中央有一凹，你著愛較細膩咧。 [Hokkien, trad.]
   彼条路中央有一凹，你着爱较细腻咧。 [Hokkien, simp.]

   Hit tiâu lō͘ tiong-ng ū chi̍t nah, lí tio̍h-ài khah sè-jī leh. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   There's a depression on that road, you have to be more careful.

• (antonym(s) of “concave”): 凸 (tū, “convex”)

凹

1. Alternative form of 窪／洼 (wā)

   賈平凹／贾平凹  ―  Jiǎ Píngwā  ―  Jia Pingwa (a Chinese writer)

凹

1. (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𠱃

凹

1. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) swollen bumps on the skin

   規面攏是予蠓仔咬的凹。 [Hokkien, trad.]
   规面拢是予蠓仔咬的凹。 [Hokkien, simp.]

   Kui bīn lóng sī hō͘ báng-á kā ê nah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   His/her entire face is covered with swollen mosquito bites.

2. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for swollen bumps on the skin.

   面予蠓仔咬一凹。 [Hokkien, trad. and simp.]

   Bīn hō͘ báng-á kā chi̍t nah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   His face was bit by the mosquito with one swollen bump.

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

• Go-on: よう (yō)^{←えふ (efu, historical)}
• Kan-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)^{←あふ (afu, historical)}
• Kun: くぼ (kubo, 凹); くぼい (kuboi, 凹い); くぼか (kuboka, 凹か); くぼむ (kubomu, 凹む); くぼめる (kubomeru, 凹める); くぼまる (kubomaru, 凹まる); くぼます (kubomasu, 凹ます); くぼやか (kuboyaka, 凹やか); なかくぼ (nakakubo); へこむ (hekomu, 凹む); ぼこ (boko, 凹)

/apu/ → /afu/ → /au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/

From Middle Chinese 凹 (MC 'eap). Compare modern Mandarin reading āo, Min Nan au.

• (Tokyo) お​ー [óꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
• IPA^(key): [o̞ː]

凹(おう) • (ō) ^{←あふ (afu)?}

1. concave

The character 凹 with the reading ō is only used in compounds, and never in isolation.

Unknown. Sound similarities might suggest a connection to words related to darkness or deep interior, such as 雲 (kumo, “cloud”), 蜘蛛 (kumo, “spider”), 隈 (kuma, “a recess, a deep interior corner”), 黒 (kuro, “black”), 暗 (kura, “darkness”); more at 黒. Alternately, these broad similarities might be pure coincidence.

• 窪(くぼ)

• (Tokyo) くぼ [kùbó] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
• (Tokyo) く​ぼ [kúꜜbò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
• IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ᵝbo̞]

凹(くぼ) • (kubo) 

1. an area with sides higher than the center: an indentation, a depression, a dip, a divot, a hole
2. (slang) female genitalia, the vagina

• (indentation): 窪(くぼ)み, 窪(くぼみ), 凹(くぼ)み, 凹(くぼみ) (kubomi)
• (female genitalia): 前門(ぜんもん) (zenmon), まんこ (manko)

Noun stem of verb 凹む (kubomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself a compound of 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a dip”) +‎ む (mu, “to become like something”, auxiliary verb attaching to nouns or adjective stems, cognate with びる (biru) biru).[3]

• 窪(くぼ)み, 窪(くぼみ), 凹(くぼ)み

• (Tokyo) くぼみ [kùbómí] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ᵝbo̞mʲi]

凹(くぼみ) • (kubomi) 

1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent

The 凹(くぼ)み or 窪(くぼ)み spelling with the okurigana み is more common when used as a standalone term. The spelling without the okurigana is more common in compounds.

Compound of 中 (naka, “inside, inner”) +‎ 窪 (kubo, “pit, indentation”).[3][1][4]

• 中(なか)窪(くぼ)

• (Tokyo) なかくぼ [nàkákúbó] (Heiban – [0])[1]
• (Tokyo) なか​くぼ [nàkáꜜkùbò] (Nakadaka – [2])[1]
• IPA^(key): [na̠ka̠kɯ̟ᵝbo̞]

凹(なかくぼ) • (nakakubo) 

1. a sunken center
2. a place or object with a sunken center

The 中(なか)窪(くぼ) spelling is more common.

• 中(なか)低(びく) (nakabiku)

Noun stem of verb 凹む (hekomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself an abbreviated compound of 減り (heri, noun stem of verb 減る (heru, “to reduce, to decrease, to diminish”)) +‎ 込む (komu, “to go inwardly”).[3]

• 凹(へこ)み (hekomi)

• (Tokyo) へこみ [hèkómí] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [he̞ko̞mʲi]

凹(へこみ) • (hekomi) 

1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
2. a mistake, and error
3. a moment of weakness or confusion, being at a loss

The 凹(へこ)み (hekomi) spelling is more common.

• (hollow): 窪(くぼ)み (kubomi), 窪(くぼみ) (kubomi), 凹(くぼ)み (kubomi), 凹(くぼみ) (kubomi) (also see above)
• (mistake): 失(しっ)策(さく) (shissaku)
• (mistake): 失(しっ)敗(ぱい) (shippai)
• (at a loss): 困(こん)惑(わく) (konwaku)

Uncertain. Possibly onomatopoeic from the sound of a wheel bouncing in a rut or pothole, or from the sound of something hollow when tapped. Compare adverb ぼこぼこ (bokoboko, “full of holes; hollowly”).

Alternately, may be compound of ぼ (bo, “empty?”, uncertain; possibly related to verb 掘る (horu, “to dig, to dig out”)) +‎ こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element seen in other words such as そこ (soko, “there”) or 端っこ (hashikko, “edge, end, tip”)). Compare 凸 (deko, “protrusion”), likely a compound of 出 (de, “coming out”) + こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element).

• (Tokyo) ぼ​こ [bóꜜkò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
• IPA^(key): [bo̞ko̞]

凹(ぼこ) • (boko) 

1. an indentation, a dip or divot, a hollow, a dent in a surface

凹 (eumhun 오목할 요 (omokhal yo))

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凹: Hán Nôm readings: ao

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